Merge pull request #16142 from poettering/random-seed-cmdline

pid1: add support for allowing to pass in random seed via kernel cmdline

NEWS

@@ -2,25 +2,147 @@ systemd System and Service Manager
 
 CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
 
-        * The various programs included in systemd can now optionally output
-          their log messages on stderr prefixed with a timestamp, controlled by
-          the $SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME environment variable.
+        * The service manager gained basic support for cgroup v2 freezer. Units
+          can now be suspended or resumed either using new systemctl verbs,
+          freeze and thaw respectively, or via D-Bus.
+
+        * PID 1 may now automatically load pre-compiled AppArmor policies from
+          /etc/apparmor/earlypolicy during early boot.
+
+        * The CPUAffinity= setting in service unit files now supports a new
+          special value "numa" that causes the CPU affinity masked to be set
+          based on the NUMA mask.
+
+        * systemd will now log about all left-over processes remaining in a
+          unit when the unit is stopped. It will now warn about services using
+          KillMode=none, as this is generally an unsafe thing to make use of.
+
+        * Two new unit file settings
+          ConditionPathIsEncrypted=/AssertPathIsEncrypted= have been
+          added. They may be used to check whether a specific file system path
+          resides on a block device that is encrypted on the block level
+          (i.e. using dm-crypt/LUKS).
+
+        * Another pair of new settings ConditionEnvironment=/AssertEnvironment=
+          has been added that may be used for simple environment checks. This
+          is particularly useful when passing in environment variables from a
+          container manager (or from PAM in case of the systemd --user
+          instance).
+
+        * .service unit files now accept a new setting CoredumpFilter= which
+          allows configuration of the memory sections coredumps of the
+          service's processes shall include.
+
+        * .mount units gained a new ReadWriteOnly= boolean option. If set
+          it will not be attempted to mount a file system read-only if mounting
+          in read-write mode doesn't succeed. An option x-systemd.rw-only is
+          available in /etc/fstab to control the same.
+
+        * .socket units gained a new boolean setting PassPacketInfo=. If
+          enabled, the kernel will attach additional per-packet metadata to all
+          packets read from the socket, as ancillary message. This controls the
+          IP_PKTINFO, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, NETLINK_PKTINFO socket options,
+          depending on socket type.
+
+        * .service units gained a new setting RootHash= which may be used to
+          specify the root hash for verity enabled disk images which are
+          specified in RootImage=. RootVerity= may be used to specify a path to
+          the Verity data matching a RootImage= file system. (The latter is
+          only useful for images that do not contain the Verity data embedded
+          into the same image that carries a GPT partition table following the
+          Discoverable Partition Specification). Similarly, systemd-nspawn
+          gained a new switch --verity-data= that takes a path to a file with
+          the verity data of the disk image supplied in --image=, if the image
+          doesn't contain the verity data itself.
+
+        * .service units gained a new setting RootHashSignature= which takes
+          either a base64 encoded PKCS#7 signature of the root hash specified
+          with RootHash=, or a path to a file to read the signature from. This
+          allows validation of the root hash against public keys available in
+          the kernel keyring, and is only supported on recent kernels
+          (>= 5.4)/libcryptsetup (>= 2.30). A similar switch has been added to
+          systemd-nspawn and systemd-dissect (--root-hash-sig=). Support for
+          this mechanism has also been added to systemd-veritysetup.
+
+        * .service unit files gained two new options
+          TimeoutStartFailureMode=/TimeoutStopFailureMode= that may be used to
+          tune behaviour if a start or stop timeout is hit, i.e. whether to
+          terminate the service with SIGTERM, SIGABRT or SIGKILL.
+
+        * Most options in systemd that accept hexadecimal values prefixed with
+          0x in additional to the usual decimal notation now also support octal
+          notation when the 0o prefix is used and binary notation if the 0b
+          prefix is used.
+
+        * Unit files, tmpfiles.d/ snippets, sysusers.d/ snippets and other
+          configuration files that support specifier expansion learnt six new
+          specifiers: %a resolves to the current architecture, %o/%w/%B/%W
+          resolve to the various ID fields from /etc/os-release, %l resolves to
+          the "short" hostname of the system, i.e. the hostname configured in
+          the kernel truncated at the first dot.
+
+        * Support for the .include syntax in unit files has been removed. The
+          concept has been obsolete for 6 years and we started warning about
+          its pending removal 2 years ago (also see NEWS file below). It's
+          finally gone now.
+
+        * StandardError= and StandardOutput= in unit files no longer support
+          the "syslog" and "syslog-console" switches. They were long removed
+          from the documentation, but will now result in warnings when used,
+          and be converted to "journal" and "journal+console" automatically.
+
+        * A new kernel command line option systemd.hostname= has been added
+          that allows controlling the hostname that is initialized early during
+          boot.
+
+        * A kernel command line option "udev.blockdev_read_only" has been
+          added. If specified all hardware block devices that show up are
+          immediately marked as read-only by udev. This option is useful for
+          making sure that a specific boot under no circumstances modifies data
+          on disk. Use "blockdev --setrw" to undo the effect of this, per
+          device.
 
         * A new boolean kernel command line option systemd.swap= has been
           added, which may be used to turn off automatic activation of swap
-          devices, as listed in /etc/fstab.
+          devices listed in /etc/fstab.
 
-        * The CPUAffinity= setting in service unit files now supports a new
-          special value "numa". If used, the NUMA mask is copied into the CPU
-          affinity mask.
+        * New kernel command line options systemd.condition-needs-update= and
+          systemd.condition-first-boot= have been added, which override the
+          result of the ConditionNeedsUpdate= and ConditionFirstBoot=
+          conditions.
 
-        * The man pages for the sd-bus and sd-hwdb APIs have been completed.
+        * A new kernel command line option systemd.clock-usec= has been added
+          that allows setting the system clock to the specified time in µs
+          since Jan 1st, 1970 early during boot. This is in particular useful
+          in order to make test cases more reliable.
 
-        * networkctl gained the new "forcerenew" command for forcing all DHCP
-          server clients to renew their lease. The interface "status" output
-          will now show numerous additional fields of information about an
-          interface. There are new "up" and "down" commands to bring specific
-          interfaces up or down.
+        * The fs.suid_dumpable sysctl is set to 2 / "suidsafe". This allows
+          systemd-coredump to save core files for suid processes. When saving
+          the core file, systemd-coredump will use the effective uid and gid of
+          the process that faulted.
+
+        * The /sys/module/kernel/parameters/crash_kexec_post_notifiers file is
+          now automatically set to "Y" at boot, in order to enable pstore
+          generation for collection with systemd-pstore.
+
+        * A new 'hwdb' file has been added that collects information about PCI
+          and USB devices that correctly support auto-suspend, on top of the
+          databases for this we import from the ChromiumOS project. If you have
+          a device that supports auto-suspend correctly and where it should be
+          enabled by default, please submit a patch that adds it to the
+          database (see /usr/lib/udev/hwdb.d/60-autosuspend.hwdb).
+
+        * systemd-udevd gained new configuration option timeout_signal= as well
+          as corresponding kernel command line option udev.timeout_signal=.
+          The option can be used to configure the UNIX signal that the main
+          daemon sends to the worker processes on timeout. Setting the signal
+          to SIGABRT is useful for debugging.
+
+        * .link files managed by systemd-udevd gained options RxFlowControl=,
+          TxFlowControl=, AutoNegotiationFlowControl= in the [Link] section, in
+          order to configure various flow control parameters. They also gained
+          RxMiniBufferSize= and RxJumboBufferSize= in order to configure jumbo
+          frame ring buffer sizes.
 
         * systemd-networkd's [IPv6Prefix] section in .network files gained a
           new boolean setting Assign=. If enabled an address from the prefix is
@@ -28,8 +150,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
 
         * systemd-networkd's [Network] section gained a new setting
           IPv6PDSubnetId= that allows explicit configuration of the preferred
-          subnet that networkd's Prefix Delegation logic assigns to an
-          interfaces.
+          subnet that networkd's Prefix Delegation logic assigns to interfaces.
 
         * systemd-networkd gained support for configuring the HTB queuing
           discipline in the [HierarchyTokenBucket] and
@@ -50,12 +171,6 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
           traffic). DataBitRate=, DataSamplePoint=, FDMode=, FDNonISO= have
           been added to configure various CAN-FD aspects.
 
-        * .link files managed by systemd-udevd gained options RxFlowControl=,
-          TxFlowControl=, AutoNegotiationFlowControl= in the [Link] section, in
-          order to configure various flow control parameters. They also gained
-          RxMiniBufferSize= and RxJumboBufferSize= in order to configure jumbo
-          frame ring buffer sizes.
-
         * systemd-networkd's [DHCPv6] section gained a new WithoutRA= boolean
           setting. If enabled, DHCPv6 will be attempted right-away without
           requiring an Router Advertisement packet suggesting it
@@ -83,6 +198,35 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
           Description"). Support for "MUD" URLs was also added to the LLDP
           stack, configurable in the [LLDP] section in .network files.
 
+        * systemd-networkd's .netdev files now support a new setting
+          VLANProtocol= in the [Bridge] section that allows configuration of
+          the VLAN protocol to use.
+
+        * systemd-networkd supports a new Group= setting in the [Link] section
+          of the .network files, to control the link group.
+
+        * A new default .network file is now shipped that matches TUN/TAP
+          devices that begin with "vt-" in their name. Such interfaces will
+          have IP routing onto the host links set up automatically. This is
+          supposed to be used by VM managers to trivially acquire a network
+          interface which is fully set up for host communication, simply by
+          carefully picking an interface name to use.
+
+        * A new boolean option AssignAcquiredDelegatedPrefixAddress= has been
+          added to the [DHCPv6] section of .network files. If enabled (which is
+          the default) an address from any acquired delegated prefix is
+          automatically chosen and assigned to the interface.
+
+        * The BlackList= settings in .network files' [DHCPv4] and
+          [IPv6AcceptRA] sections have been renamed DenyList=. The old names
+          are still understood to provide compatibility.
+
+        * networkctl gained the new "forcerenew" command for forcing all DHCP
+          server clients to renew their lease. The interface "status" output
+          will now show numerous additional fields of information about an
+          interface. There are new "up" and "down" commands to bring specific
+          interfaces up or down.
+
         * systemd-resolved's DNS= configuration option now optionally accepts
           DNS server addresses suffixed by "#" followed by a host name. If
           used, the DNS-over-TLS certificate is validated to match the
@@ -94,93 +238,6 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
 
         * systemd-resolved's DNS-over-TLS support gained SNI validation.
 
-        * The fs.suid_dumpable sysctl is set to 2 / "suidsafe". This allows
-          systemd-coredump to save core files for suid processes. When saving
-          the core file, systemd-coredump will use the effective uid and gid of
-          the process that faulted.
-
-        * "systemctl list-units" and "systemctl list-machines" no longer hide
-          their first output column with --no-legend. To hide the first column,
-          use --plain.
-
-        * The service manager gained basic support for cgroup v2 freezer. Units
-          can now be suspended or resumed either using new systemctl verbs,
-          freeze and thaw respectively, or via D-Bus.
-
-        * systemd-udevd gained new configuration option timeout_signal= as well
-          as corresponding kernel command line option udev.timeout_signal=.
-          The option can be used to configure the UNIX signal that the main
-          daemon sends to the worker processes on timeout.
-
-        * A new sd-path.h API has been added to libsystemd. It provides a
-          simple API for retrieving various search paths and primary
-          directories for various resources.
-
-        * The sd-bus API gained a number of convenience functions that take
-          va_list arguments rather than "...". For example, there's now
-          sd_bus_call_methodv() to match sd_bus_call_method(). Previously,
-          these were missing since the calls are convenience calls only and
-          could be put together from the more low-level functions they build
-          on.
-
-        * sd-bus vtable entries learnt a new flag SD_BUS_VTABLE_ABSOLUTE_OFFSET
-          which alters how the userdata pointer to pass to the callbacks is
-          determined. If the flag is set the offset field is converted as-is
-          into a pointer, without adding it to the object pointer the vtable is
-          associated with.
-
-        * sd-bus now exposes four new functions:
-          sd_bus_interface_name_is_valid() + sd_bus_service_name_is_valid() +
-          sd_bus_member_name_is_valid() + sd_bus_object_path_is_valid() will
-          validate strings to check if they qualify as various D-Bus concepts.
-
-        * The sd-bus API gained the SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS(),
-          SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET() and SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_ARGS() macros
-          that simplify adding argument names to D-Bus methods and signals.
-
-        * systemctl gained a new "-P" switch that is a shortcut for "--value
-          --property=…".
-
-        * The expectations on user/group name syntax are now documented in
-          detail; documentation how classic home directories may be converted
-          into home directories managed by homed has been added; documentation
-          regarding integration of homed/userdb functionality in desktops has
-          been added:
-
-              https://systemd.io/USER_NAMES
-              https://systemd.io/CONVERTING_TO_HOMED
-              https://systemd.io/USERDB_AND_DESKTOPS
-
-        * systemd-run gained a new switch --slice-inherit. If specified the
-          unit it generates is placed in the same slice as the systemd-run
-          process itself.
-
-        * service unit files now accept a new setting CoredumpFilter= which
-          allows configuration of the memory sections coredumps of the
-          service's processes shall include.
-
-        * coredumpctl gained a new --file= switch, matching the same one in
-          journalctl: a specific journal file may be specified to read the
-          coredump data from.
-
-        * Various D-Bus APIs of systemd daemons now have man pages that
-          document the methods, signals and properties.
-
-        * journald.conf gained a new boolean setting Audit= that may be used to
-          control whether systemd-journald will enable audit during
-          initialization.
-
-        * A new default .network file is now shipped that matches TUN/TAP
-          devices that begin with "vt-" in their name. Such interfaces will
-          have IP routing onto the host links set up automatically. This is
-          supposed to be used by VM managers to trivially acquire a network
-          interface which is fully set up for host communication, simply by
-          carefully picking an interface name to use.
-
-        * All D-Bus services shipped in systemd now implement the generic
-          LogControl1 D-Bus API which allows clients to change log level +
-          target of the service during runtime.
-
         * systemd-nspawn's --resolv-conf= switch gained a number of new
           supported values. Specifically, options starting with "replace-" are
           like those prefixed "copy-" but replace any existing resolv.conf
@@ -188,80 +245,82 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
           propagate other flavours of resolv.conf into the container (as
           defined by systemd-resolved).
 
-        * systemd-binfmt gained a new switch --unregister for unregistering all
-          registered entries at once. This is now invoked automatically at
-          shutdown, so that binary formats registered with the "F" flag will
-          not block clean file system unmounting.
+        * The various programs included in systemd can now optionally output
+          their log messages on stderr prefixed with a timestamp, controlled by
+          the $SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME environment variable.
 
-        * Unit files, tmpfiles.d/ snippets, sysusers.d/ snippets and other
-          configuration files that support specifier expansion learnt six new
-          specifiers: %a resolves to the current architecture, %o/%w/%B/%W
-          resolve to the various ID fields from /etc/os-release, %l resolves to
-          the "short" hostname of the system, i.e. the kernel configured
-          hostname, truncated at the first dot.
+        * systemctl gained a new "-P" switch that is a shortcut for "--value
+          --property=…".
 
-        * systemd-notify's --pid= switch gained new values: "parent", "self",
-          "auto" for controlling which PID to send to the service manager: the
-          systemd-notify process' PID, or the one of the process invoking it.
+        * "systemctl list-units" and "systemctl list-machines" no longer hide
+          their first output column with --no-legend. To hide the first column,
+          use --plain.
 
-        * When sending a file descriptor (fd) to the service manager to keep
-          track of, using the sd_notify() mechanism, a new parameter FDPOLL=0
-          may be specified. If passed the service manager will refrain from
-          poll()ing on the file descriptor. Traditionally (and when the
-          parameter is not specified), the service manager will poll it for
-          POLLHUP or POLLERR events, and immediately close the fds in that
-          case.
+        * "systemctl reboot" takes the option "--reboot-argument=".
+          The optional positional argument to "systemctl reboot" is now
+          being deprecated in favor of this option.
 
-        * A new call sd_notify_barrier() has been added to the sd-daemon.h
-          API. The call will block until all previously sent sd_notify()
-          messages have been processed by the service manager. This is useful
-          to remove races caused by a process already having disappeared at the
-          time a notification message is processed by the service manager,
-          making correct attribution impossible. The systemd-notify tool will
-          now make use of this call implicitly, but this can be turned off again
-          via the new --no-block switch.
+        * systemd-run gained a new switch --slice-inherit. If specified the
+          unit it generates is placed in the same slice as the systemd-run
+          process itself.
 
-        * systemd-logind's Session bus object learnt a new method call
-          SetType() for temporarily updating the session type of an already
-          allocated session. This is useful for upgrading tty sessions to
-          graphical ones once a compositor is invoked.
+        * systemd-journald gained support for zstd compression of large fields
+          in journal files. The hash tables in journal files have been hardened
+          against hash collisions. This is an incompatible change and means
+          that journal files created with new systemd versions are not readable
+          with old versions. If the $SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_KEYED_HASH boolean
+          environment variable for systemd-journald.service is set to 0 this
+          new hardening functionality may be turned off, so that generated
+          journal files remain compatible with older journalctl
+          implementations.
 
-        * .mount units gained a new ReadWriteOnly= boolean option. If set
-          it will not be attempted to mount a file system read-only if mounting
-          in read-write mode doesn't succeed. An option x-systemd.rw-only is
-          available in /etc/fstab to control the same.
+        * journalctl will now include a clickable link in the default output for
+          each log message for which an URL with further documentation is
+          known. This is only supported on terminal emulators that support
+          clickable hyperlinks, and is turned off if a pager is used (since
+          "less" still doesn't support hyperlinks,
+          unfortunately). Documentation URLs may be included in log messages
+          either by including a DOCUMENTATION= journal field in it, or by
+          associating a journal message catalog entry with the log message's
+          MESSAGE_ID, which then carries a "Documentation:" tag.
 
-        * coredumps collected by systemd-coredump may now be compressed using
-          the zstd algorithm.
+        * journald.conf gained a new boolean setting Audit= that may be used to
+          control whether systemd-journald will enable audit during
+          initialization.
+
+        * when systemd-journald's log stream is broken up into multiple lines
+          because the PID of the sender changed this is indicated in the
+          generated log records via the _LINE_BREAK=pid-change field.
 
         * journalctl's "-o cat" output mode will now show one or more journal
           fields specified with --output-fields= instead of unconditionally
           MESSAGE=. This is useful to retrieve a very specific set of fields
           without any decoration.
 
+        * coredumpctl gained a new --file= switch, matching the same one in
+          journalctl: a specific journal file may be specified to read the
+          coredump data from.
+
+        * coredumps collected by systemd-coredump may now be compressed using
+          the zstd algorithm.
+
+        * systemd-binfmt gained a new switch --unregister for unregistering all
+          registered entries at once. This is now invoked automatically at
+          shutdown, so that binary formats registered with the "F" flag will
+          not block clean file system unmounting.
+
+        * systemd-notify's --pid= switch gained new values: "parent", "self",
+          "auto" for controlling which PID to send to the service manager: the
+          systemd-notify process' PID, or the one of the process invoking it.
+
+        * systemd-logind's Session bus object learnt a new method call
+          SetType() for temporarily updating the session type of an already
+          allocated session. This is useful for upgrading tty sessions to
+          graphical ones once a compositor is invoked.
+
         * systemd-socket-proxy gained a new switch --exit-idle-time= for
           configuring an exit-on-idle time.
 
-        * systemd-homed's LUKS backend gained the ability to discard empty file
-          system blocks automatically when the user logs out. This is enabled
-          by default to ensure that home directories take minimal space when
-          logged out but get full size guarantees when logged in. This may be
-          controlled with the new --luks-offline-discard= switch to homectl.
-
-        * If systemd-homed detects that /home/ is encrypted as a whole it will
-          now default to the directory or subvolume backends instead of the
-          LUKS backend, in order to avoid double encryption. The default
-          storage and file system may now be configured explicitly, too, via
-          the new /etc/systemd/homed.conf configuration file.
-
-        * when systemd-journald's log stream is broken up into multiple lines
-          because the PID of the sender changed this is indicated in the
-          generated log records via the _LINE_BREAK=pid-change field.
-
-        * systemd-networkd's .netdev files now support a new setting
-          VLANProtocol= in the [Bridge] section that allows configuration of
-          the VLAN protocol to use.
-
         * systemd-repart's --empty= setting gained a new value "create". If
           specified a new empty regular disk image file is created under the
           specified name. Its size may be specified with the new --size=
@@ -279,43 +338,17 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
         * systemd-repart's Label= setting now support the usual, simple
           specifier expansion.
 
-        * StandardError= and StandardOutput= in unit files no longer support
-          the "syslog" and "syslog-console" switches. They were long removed
-          from the documentation, but will now result in warnings when used,
-          and be converted to "journal" and "journal+console" automatically.
+        * systemd-homed's LUKS backend gained the ability to discard empty file
+          system blocks automatically when the user logs out. This is enabled
+          by default to ensure that home directories take minimal space when
+          logged out but get full size guarantees when logged in. This may be
+          controlled with the new --luks-offline-discard= switch to homectl.
 
-        * systemd-networkd supports a new Group= setting in the [Link] section
-          of the .network files, to control the link group.
-
-        * Two new unit file settings
-          ConditionPathIsEncrypted=/AssertPathIsEncrypted= have been
-          added. They may be used to check whether a specific file system path
-          resides on a block device that is encrypted on the block level
-          (i.e. using dm-crypt/LUKS).
-
-        * Another pair of new settings ConditionEnvironment=/AssertEnvironment=
-          has been added that may be used for simple environment checks. This
-          is particularly useful when passing in environment variables from a
-          container manager (or from PAM in case of the systemd --user
-          instance).
-
-        * The /sys/module/kernel/parameters/crash_kexec_post_notifiers file is
-          now automatically set to "Y" at boot, in order to enable pstore
-          generation for collection with systemd-pstore.
-
-        * New kernel command line options systemd.condition-needs-update= and
-          systemd.condition-first-boot= have been added, which override the
-          result of the ConditionNeedsUpdate= and ConditionFirstBoot=
-          conditions.
-
-        * A new kernel command line option systemd.clock-usec= has been added
-          that allows setting the system clock to the specified time in µs
-          since Jan 1st, 1970 early during boot. This is in particular useful
-          in order to make test cases more reliable.
-
-        * A new kernel command line option systemd.hostname= has been added
-          that allows controlling the hostname that is initialized early during
-          boot.
+        * If systemd-homed detects that /home/ is encrypted as a whole it will
+          now default to the directory or subvolume backends instead of the
+          LUKS backend, in order to avoid double encryption. The default
+          storage and file system may now be configured explicitly, too, via
+          the new /etc/systemd/homed.conf configuration file.
 
         * The /etc/crypttab tmp option now optionally takes an argument
           selecting the file system to use. Moreover, the default is now
@@ -338,6 +371,9 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
           /etc/cryptsetup-keys.d/<volume>.key and
           /run/cryptsetup-keys.d/<volume>.key, if any of these files exist.
 
+        * systemd-cryptsetup may now activate Microsoft BitLocker volumes via
+          /etc/crypttab, during boot.
+
         * logind.conf gained a new RuntimeDirectoryInodesMax= setting to
           control the inode limit for the per-user $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR tmpfs
           instance.
@@ -352,121 +388,12 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
           set the /etc/kernel/cmdline file of an OS image.
 
         * A new generator systemd-xdg-autostart-generator has been added. It
-          automatically generates systemd unit files from XDG autostart
-          .desktop files, and is useful for allowing systemd to manage services
-          defined that way safely and automatically.
+          generates systemd unit files from XDG autostart .desktop files, and
+          may be used to let the systemd user instance manage services that are
+          started automatically as part of the desktop session.
 
-        * systemd will now log about all left-over processes remaining in a
-          unit when the unit is stopped. It will now warn about services using
-          KillMode=none, as this is generally an unsafe thing to make use of.
-
-        * .socket units gained a new boolean setting PassPacketInfo=. If
-          enabled, the kernel will attach additional per-packet metadata to all
-          packets read from the socket, as ancillary message. This controls the
-          IP_PKTINFO, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, NETLINK_PKTINFO socket options,
-          depending on socket type.
-
-        * A new boolean option AssignAcquiredDelegatedPrefixAddress= has been
-          added to the [DHCPv6] section of .network files. If enabled (which is
-          the default) an address from any acquired delegated prefix is
-          automatically chosen and assigned to the interface.
-
-        * "systemctl reboot" takes the option "--reboot-argument=".
-          The optional positional argument to "systemctl reboot" is now
-          being deprecated in favor of this option.
-
-        * Support for the .include syntax in unit files has been removed. The
-          concept has been obsolete for 6 years and we started warning about
-          its pending removal 2 years ago (also see NEWS file below). It's
-          finally gone now.
-
-        * The BlackList= settings in .network files' [DHCPv4] and
-          [IPv6AcceptRA] sections have been renamed DenyList=. The old names
-          are still understood to provide compatibility.
-
-        * systemd-journald gained support for zstd compression of large fields
-          in journal files. The hash tables in journal files have been hardened
-          against hash collisions. This is an incompatible change and means
-          that journal files created with new systemd versions are not readable
-          with old versions. If the $SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_KEYED_HASH boolean
-          environment variable for systemd-journald.service is set to 0 this
-          new hardening functionality may be turned off, so that generated
-          journal files remain compatible with older journalctl
-          implementations.
-
-        * Documentation for the on-disk Journal file format has been updated
-          and has now moved to:
-
-              https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT
-
-        * systemd service units gained a new setting RootHash= which may be
-          used to specify the root hash for verity enabled disk images which
-          are specified in RootImage=. RootVerity= may be used to specify a
-          path to the Verity data matching a RootImage= file system. (The
-          latter is only useful for images that do not contain the Verity data
-          embedded into the same image that carries a GPT partition table
-          following the Discoverable Partition Specification). Similar,
-          systemd-nspawn gained a new switch --verity-data= that takes a path
-          to a file with the verity data of the disk image supplied in
-          --image=, if the image doesn't contain the verity data itself.
-
-        * systemd service units gained a new setting RootHashSignature= which
-          takes either a base64 encoded PKCS#7 signature of the root hash
-          specified with RootHash=, or a path to a file to read the signature
-          from. This allows validation of the root hash against public keys
-          available in the kernel keyring, and is only supported on recent
-          kernels (>= 5.4)/libcryptsetup (>= 2.30). A similar switch has been
-          added to systemd-nspawn and systemd-dissect
-          (--root-hash-sig=). Support for this mechanism has also been added to
-          systemd-veritysetup.
-
-        * A new 'hwdb' file has been added that collects information about PCI
-          and USB devices that correctly support auto-suspend, on top of the
-          databases for this we import from the ChromiumOS project. If you have
-          a device that supports auto-suspend correctly and where it should be
-          enabled by default, please submit a patch that adds it to the
-          database (see hwdb.d/60-autosuspend.hwdb).
-
-        * The service manager (PID1) gained a new D-Bus method call
-          SetShowStatus() which may be used to control whether it shall show
-          boot-time status output on the console. This method has a similar
-          effect to sending SIGRTMIN+20/SIGRTMIN+21 to PID 1.
-
-        * PID 1 may now automatically load pre-compiled AppArmor policies from
-          /etc/apparmor/earlypolicy during early boot.
-
-        * systemd-cryptsetup may now activate Microsoft BitLocker volumes via
-          /etc/crypttab, during boot.
-
-        * systemd service unit files gained two new options
-          TimeoutStartFailureMode=/TimeoutStopFailureMode= that may be used to
-          tune behaviour if a start or stop timeout is hit, i.e. whether to
-          terminate the service with SIGTERM, SIGABRT or SIGKILL.
-
-        * A kernel command line option "udev.blockdev_read_only" has been
-          added. If specified all hardware block devices that show up are
-          immediately marked as read-only by udev. This option is useful for
-          making sure that a specific boot under no circumstances modifies data
-          on disk. Use "blockdev --setrw" to undo the effect of this, per
-          device.
-
-        * Most options in systemd that accept hexadecimal values prefixed with
-          0x in additional to the usual decimal notation now also support octal
-          notation when he 0o prefix is used and binary notation if the 0b
-          prefix is used.
-
-        * "booctl" gained a new verb "reboot-to-firmware" that may be used
-          to query and change the firmware's reboot into firmware setup flag.
-
-        * journalctl will now include a clickable link in the default output for
-          each log message for which an URL with further documentation is
-          known. This is only supported on terminal emulators that support
-          clickable hyperlinks, and is turned off if a pager is used (since
-          "less" still doesn't support hyperlinks,
-          unfortunately). Documentation URLs may be included in log messages
-          either by including a DOCUMENTATION= journal field in it, or by
-          associating a journal message catalog entry with the log message's
-          MESSAGE_ID, which then carries a "Documentation:" tag.
+        * "bootctl" gained a new verb "reboot-to-firmware" that may be used
+          to query and change the firmware's 'reboot into firmware' setup flag.
 
         * systemd-firstboot gained a new switch --kernel-command-line= that may
           be used to initialize the /etc/kernel/cmdline file of the image. It
@@ -478,6 +405,78 @@ CHANGES WITH 246 in spe:
           specified on the command line (by default, the tool will not override
           what has already been set before, i.e. is purely incremental).
 
+        * A new sd-path.h API has been added to libsystemd. It provides a
+          simple API for retrieving various search paths and primary
+          directories for various resources.
+
+        * A new call sd_notify_barrier() has been added to the sd-daemon.h
+          API. The call will block until all previously sent sd_notify()
+          messages have been processed by the service manager. This is useful
+          to remove races caused by a process already having disappeared at the
+          time a notification message is processed by the service manager,
+          making correct attribution impossible. The systemd-notify tool will
+          now make use of this call implicitly, but this can be turned off again
+          via the new --no-block switch.
+
+        * When sending a file descriptor (fd) to the service manager to keep
+          track of, using the sd_notify() mechanism, a new parameter FDPOLL=0
+          may be specified. If passed the service manager will refrain from
+          poll()ing on the file descriptor. Traditionally (and when the
+          parameter is not specified), the service manager will poll it for
+          POLLHUP or POLLERR events, and immediately close the fds in that
+          case.
+
+        * The service manager (PID1) gained a new D-Bus method call
+          SetShowStatus() which may be used to control whether it shall show
+          boot-time status output on the console. This method has a similar
+          effect to sending SIGRTMIN+20/SIGRTMIN+21 to PID 1.
+
+        * The sd-bus API gained a number of convenience functions that take
+          va_list arguments rather than "...". For example, there's now
+          sd_bus_call_methodv() to match sd_bus_call_method(). Those calls make
+          it easier to build wrappers that accept variadic arguments and want
+          to pass a ready va_list structure to sd-bus.
+
+        * sd-bus vtable entries can have a new SD_BUS_VTABLE_ABSOLUTE_OFFSET
+          flag which alters how the userdata pointer to pass to the callbacks
+          is determined. When the flag is set, the offset field is converted
+          as-is into a pointer, without adding it to the object pointer the
+          vtable is associated with.
+
+        * sd-bus now exposes four new functions:
+          sd_bus_interface_name_is_valid() + sd_bus_service_name_is_valid() +
+          sd_bus_member_name_is_valid() + sd_bus_object_path_is_valid() will
+          validate strings to check if they qualify as various D-Bus concepts.
+
+        * The sd-bus API gained the SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS(),
+          SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET() and SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_ARGS() macros
+          that simplify adding argument names to D-Bus methods and signals.
+
+        * The man pages for the sd-bus and sd-hwdb APIs have been completed.
+
+        * Various D-Bus APIs of systemd daemons now have man pages that
+          document the methods, signals and properties.
+
+        * The expectations on user/group name syntax are now documented in
+          detail; documentation how classic home directories may be converted
+          into home directories managed by homed has been added; documentation
+          regarding integration of homed/userdb functionality in desktops has
+          been added:
+
+              https://systemd.io/USER_NAMES
+              https://systemd.io/CONVERTING_TO_HOMED
+              https://systemd.io/USERDB_AND_DESKTOPS
+
+        * Documentation for the on-disk Journal file format has been updated
+          and has now moved to:
+
+              https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT
+
+        * All D-Bus services shipped in systemd now implement the generic
+          LogControl1 D-Bus API which allows clients to change log level +
+          target of the service during runtime.
+
+
 CHANGES WITH 245:
 
         * A new tool "systemd-repart" has been added, that operates as an

TODO

@@ -20,20 +20,10 @@ Features:
 * add --copy-from and --copy-to command to systemd-dissect which copies stuff
   in and out of a disk image
 
-* add systemd.random_seed= on the kernel cmdline, taking some hex or base64
-  encoded data. During earliest boot, credit it to entropy. This is not useful
-  for general purpose systems, but certainly for testing environments in VMs
-  and such, as it allows us to boot up instantly with fully initialized entropy
-  pool even if RNG pass-thru is not available.
-
 * Support ProtectProc= or so, using: https://patchwork.kernel.org/cover/11310197/
 
 * if /usr/bin/swapoff fails due to OOM, log a friendly explanatory message about it
 
-* warn if User=nobody is used in a unit file. It's the overflow UID after all,
-  and the service might thus get access to files it really should not get
-  access to on NFS and userns environments.
-
 * build short web pages out of each catalog entry, build them along with man
   pages, and include hyperlinks to them in the journal output
 
@@ -44,7 +34,7 @@ Features:
   anything like that.
 
 * journald: do journal file writing out-of-process, with one writer process per
-  client UID, so tht synthetic hash table collisions can slow down a specific
+  client UID, so that synthetic hash table collisions can slow down a specific
   user's journal stream down but not the others.
 
 * add "throttling" to sd-event event sources: optionally, when we wake up too
@@ -173,6 +163,10 @@ Features:
   - teach it to copy in unified kernel images and maybe type #1 boot loader spec entries from host
   - make it operate on loopback files, dissecting enough to find ESP to operate on
 
+* Maybe add a separate GPT partition type to the discoverable partition spec
+  for "hibernate" partitions, that are exactly like swap partitions but only
+  activated right before hibernation and thus never used for regular swapping.
+
 * by default, in systemd --user service bump the OOMAdjust to 100, as privs
   allow so that systemd survives
 
@@ -234,6 +228,23 @@ Features:
 
 * systemd-repart: allow managing the gpt read-only partition flag + auto-mount flag
 
+* systemd-repart: allow boolean option that ensures that if existing partition
+  doesn't exist within the configured size bounds the whole command fails. This
+  is useful to implement ESP vs. XBOOTLDR schemes in installers: have one set
+  of repart files for the case where ESP is large enough and one where it isn't
+  and XBOOTLDR is added in instead.  Then apply the former first, and if it
+  fails to apply use the latter.
+
+* systemd-repart: add per-partition option to never reuse existing partition
+  and always create anew even if matching partition already exists.
+
+* systemd-repart: add per-partition option to fail if partition already exist,
+  i.e. is not added new. Similar, add option to fail if partition does not exist yet.
+
+* systemd-repart: add --size=auto for generating/resizing images of minimal
+  size, i.e. where the image file is sized exactly as large as necessary taking
+  SizeMin= into account, but not a single byte larger.
+
 * systemd-repart: allow disabling growing of specific partitions, or making
   them (think ESP: we don't ever want to grow it, since we cannot resize vfat)
 

catalog/systemd.catalog.in

@@ -464,3 +464,23 @@ system shutdown.
 It is generally recommended to avoid such overly long mount point paths, or —
 if used anyway – manage them independently of systemd, i.e. establish them as
 well as tear them down automatically at system shutdown by other software.
+
+-- b480325f9c394a7b802c231e51a2752c
+Subject: Special user @OFFENDING_USER@ configured, this is not safe!
+Defined-By: systemd
+Support: %SUPPORT_URL%
+Documentation: https://systemd.io/UIDS-GIDS
+
+The unit @UNIT@ is configured to use User=@OFFENDING_USER@.
+
+This is not safe. The @OFFENDING_USER@ user's main purpose on Linux-based
+operating systems is to be the owner of files that otherwise cannot be mapped
+to any local user. It's used by the NFS client and Linux user namespacing,
+among others. By running a unit's processes under the identity of this user
+they might possibly get read and even write access to such files that cannot
+otherwise be mapped.
+
+It is strongly recommended to avoid running services under this user identity,
+in particular on systems using NFS or running containers. Allocate a user ID
+specific to this service, either statically via systemd-sysusers or dynamically
+via the DynamicUser= service setting.

docs/DESKTOP_ENVIRONMENTS.md

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ desktop environments should adhere to the following conventions:
    is encouraged.
  * The RANDOM should be a string of random characters to ensure that multiple instances
  of the application can be launched.
- It can be ommitted in the case of a non-transient application services which can ensure
+ It can be omitted in the case of a non-transient application services which can ensure
  multiple instances are not spawned, such as a DBus activated application.
  * If no application ID is available, the launcher should generate a reasonable
    name when possible (e.g. using `basename(argv[0])`). This name must not

docs/RANDOM_SEEDS.md

@@ -257,7 +257,16 @@ boot, in order to ensure the entropy pool is filled up quickly.
    file. If done, `systemd-boot` will use the random seed file even if no
    system token is found in EFI variables.
 
-With the three mechanisms described above it should be possible to provide
+4. A kernel command line option `systemd.random_seed=` may be used to pass in a
+   base64 encoded seed to initialize the kernel's entropy pool from during
+   early service manager initialization. This option is only safe in testing
+   environments, as the random seed passed this way is accessible to
+   unprivileged programs via `/proc/cmdline`. Using this option outside of
+   testing environments is a security problem since cryptographic key material
+   derived from the entropy pool initialized with a seed accessible to
+   unprivileged programs should not be considered secret.
+
+With the four mechanisms described above it should be possible to provide
 early-boot entropy in most cases. Specifically:
 
 1. On EFI systems, `systemd-boot`'s random seed logic should make sure good
@@ -267,7 +276,8 @@ early-boot entropy in most cases. Specifically:
 2. On virtualized systems, the early `virtio-rng` hookup should ensure entropy
    is available early on — as long as the VM environment provides virtualized
    RNG devices, which they really should all do in 2019. Complain to your
-   hosting provider if they don't.
+   hosting provider if they don't. For VMs used in testing environments,
+   `systemd.random_seed=` may be used as an alternative to a virtualized RNG.
 
 3. On Intel/AMD systems systemd's own reliance on the kernel entropy pool is
    minimal (as RDRAND is used on those for UUID generation). This only works if
@@ -286,8 +296,9 @@ This primarily leaves two kind of systems in the cold:
    boot. Alternatively, consider implementing a solution similar to
    systemd-boot's random seed concept in your platform's boot loader.
 
-2. Virtualized environments that lack both virtio-rng and RDRAND. Tough
-   luck. Talk to your hosting provider, and ask them to fix this.
+2. Virtualized environments that lack both virtio-rng and RDRAND, outside of
+   test environments. Tough luck. Talk to your hosting provider, and ask them
+   to fix this.
 
 3. Also note: if you deploy an image without any random seed and/or without
    installing any 'system token' in an EFI variable, as described above, this
@@ -410,6 +421,10 @@ This primarily leaves two kind of systems in the cold:
     information to possibly gain too much information about the current state
     of the kernel's entropy pool.
 
+    That said, we actually do implement this with the `systemd.random_seed=`
+    kernel command line option. Don't use this outside of testing environments,
+    however, for the aforementioned reasons.
+
 12. *Why doesn't `systemd-boot` rewrite the 'system token' too each time
     when updating the random seed file stored in the ESP?*
 

man/html.in

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ if [ -z "$1" ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-# make sure the rules have been regenrated (in case man/update-man-rules was just run)
+# make sure the rules have been regenerated (in case man/update-man-rules was just run)
 ninja -C "@BUILD_ROOT@" version.h
 
 target="man/$1.html"

man/kernel-command-line.xml

@@ -468,8 +468,32 @@
         <term><varname>systemd.clock-usec=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes a decimal, numeric timestamp in µs since January 1st 1970, 00:00am, to set the
-        system clock to. The system time is set to the specified timestamp early during
-        boot. It is not propagated to the hardware clock (RTC).</para></listitem>
+        system clock to. The system time is set to the specified timestamp early during boot. It is not
+        propagated to the hardware clock (RTC).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.random-seed=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a base64 encoded random seed value to credit with full entropy to the kernel's
+        random pool during early service manager initialization. This option is useful in testing
+        environments where delays due to random pool initialization in entropy starved virtual machines shall
+        be avoided.</para>
+
+        <para>Note that if this option is used the seed is accessible to unprivileged programs from
+        <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>. This option is hence a security risk when used outside of test
+        systems, since the (possibly) only seed used for initialization of the kernel's entropy pool might be
+        easily acquired by unprivileged programs.</para>
+
+        <para>It is recommended to pass 512 bytes of randomized data (as that matches the Linux kernel pool
+        size), which may be generated with a command like the following:</para>
+
+        <programlisting>dd if=/dev/urandom bs=512 count=1 status=none | base64 -w 0</programlisting>
+
+        <para>Again: do not use this option outside of testing environments, it's a security risk elsewhere,
+        as secret key material derived from the entropy pool can possibly be reconstructed by unprivileged
+        programs.</para>
+        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>

man/man.in

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ if [ -z "$1" ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-# make sure the rules have been regenrated (in case man/update-man-rules was just run)
+# make sure the rules have been regenerated (in case man/update-man-rules was just run)
 ninja -C "@BUILD_ROOT@" version.h
 
 page="$(echo "$1" | sed 's/\./\\./')"

man/resolved.conf.xml

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 
         <para>The domains prefixed with <literal>~</literal> are called "routing domains". All domains listed
         here (both search domains and routing domains after removing the <literal>~</literal> prefix) define
-        a search path that preferably directs DNS queries to this inteface. This search path has an effect
+        a search path that preferably directs DNS queries to this interface. This search path has an effect
         only when suitable per-link DNS servers are known. Such servers may be defined through the
         <varname>DNS=</varname> setting (see above) and dynamically at run time, for example from DHCP
         leases. If no per-link DNS servers are known, routing domains have no effect.</para>

man/systemd-udevd.service.xml

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
         <term><option>--timeout-signal=</option></term>
         <listitem>
           <para>Set the signal which <filename>systemd-udevd</filename> will send to
-          forked off processes after reaching event timeout. The setting can be overriden
+          forked off processes after reaching event timeout. The setting can be overridden
           at boot time with the kernel command line option
           <varname>udev.timeout_signal=</varname>. Setting to <constant>SIGABRT</constant>
           may be helpful in order to debug worker timeouts. Defaults to

src/basic/random-util.c

@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/time.h>
 
 #if HAVE_SYS_AUXV_H
@@ -438,3 +440,36 @@ size_t random_pool_size(void) {
         /* Use the minimum as default, if we can't retrieve the correct value */
         return RANDOM_POOL_SIZE_MIN;
 }
+
+int random_write_entropy(int fd, const void *seed, size_t size, bool credit) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(seed && size > 0);
+
+        if (credit) {
+                _cleanup_free_ struct rand_pool_info *info = NULL;
+
+                /* The kernel API only accepts "int" as entropy count (which is in bits), let's avoid any
+                 * chance for confusion here. */
+                if (size > INT_MAX / 8)
+                        return -EOVERFLOW;
+
+                info = malloc(offsetof(struct rand_pool_info, buf) + size);
+                if (!info)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                info->entropy_count = size * 8;
+                info->buf_size = size;
+                memcpy(info->buf, seed, size);
+
+                if (ioctl(fd, RNDADDENTROPY, info) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        } else {
+                r = loop_write(fd, seed, size, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}

src/basic/random-util.h

@@ -38,3 +38,5 @@ int rdrand(unsigned long *ret);
 #define RANDOM_POOL_SIZE_MAX (10U*1024U*1024U)
 
 size_t random_pool_size(void);
+
+int random_write_entropy(int fd, const void *seed, size_t size, bool credit);

src/core/efi-random.c

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <linux/random.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
@@ -11,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "efivars.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
 #include "strv.h"
 
 /* If a random seed was passed by the boot loader in the LoaderRandomSeed EFI variable, let's credit it to
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ static void lock_down_efi_variables(void) {
 }
 
 int efi_take_random_seed(void) {
-        _cleanup_free_ struct rand_pool_info *info = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ void *value = NULL;
         _cleanup_close_ int random_fd = -1;
         size_t size;
@@ -79,11 +77,6 @@ int efi_take_random_seed(void) {
         if (size == 0)
                 return log_warning_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Random seed passed from boot loader has zero size? Ignoring.");
 
-        /* The kernel API only accepts "int" as entropy count (which is in bits), let's avoid any chance for
-         * confusion here. */
-        if (size > INT_MAX / 8)
-                size = INT_MAX / 8;
-
         random_fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
         if (random_fd < 0)
                 return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/urandom for writing, ignoring: %m");
@@ -94,15 +87,8 @@ int efi_take_random_seed(void) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_warning_errno(r, "Unable to mark EFI random seed as used, not using it: %m");
 
-        info = malloc(offsetof(struct rand_pool_info, buf) + size);
-        if (!info)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        info->entropy_count = size * 8;
-        info->buf_size = size;
-        memcpy(info->buf, value, size);
-
-        if (ioctl(random_fd, RNDADDENTROPY, info) < 0)
+        r = random_write_entropy(random_fd, value, size, true);
+        if (r < 0)
                 return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to credit entropy, ignoring: %m");
 
         log_info("Successfully credited entropy passed from boot loader.");

src/core/load-fragment.c

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 
+#include "sd-messages.h"
+
 #include "af-list.h"
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "all-units.h"
@@ -2287,6 +2289,15 @@ int config_parse_user_group_compat(
                 return -ENOEXEC;
         }
 
+        if (strstr(lvalue, "User") && streq(k, NOBODY_USER_NAME))
+                log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
+                           "MESSAGE=%s:%u: Special user %s configured, this is not safe!", filename, line, k,
+                           "UNIT=%s", unit,
+                           "MESSAGE_ID=" SD_MESSAGE_NOBODY_USER_UNSUITABLE_STR,
+                           "OFFENDING_USER=%s", k,
+                           "CONFIG_FILE=%s", filename,
+                           "CONFIG_LINE=%u", line);
+
         return free_and_replace(*user, k);
 }
 

src/core/main.c

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hexdecoct.h"
 #include "hostname-setup.h"
 #include "ima-setup.h"
 #include "killall.h"
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@
 #include "pretty-print.h"
 #include "proc-cmdline.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
 #include "raw-clone.h"
 #include "rlimit-util.h"
 #if HAVE_SECCOMP
@@ -100,8 +102,8 @@ static enum {
 
 static const char *arg_bus_introspect = NULL;
 
-/* Those variables are initialized to 0 automatically, so we avoid uninitialized memory access.
- * Real defaults are assigned in reset_arguments() below. */
+/* Those variables are initialized to 0 automatically, so we avoid uninitialized memory access.  Real
+ * defaults are assigned in reset_arguments() below. */
 static char *arg_default_unit;
 static bool arg_system;
 static bool arg_dump_core;
@@ -149,6 +151,8 @@ static OOMPolicy arg_default_oom_policy;
 static CPUSet arg_cpu_affinity;
 static NUMAPolicy arg_numa_policy;
 static usec_t arg_clock_usec;
+static void *arg_random_seed;
+static size_t arg_random_seed_size;
 
 /* A copy of the original environment block */
 static char **saved_env = NULL;
@@ -503,6 +507,21 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse systemd.clock_usec= argument, ignoring: %s", value);
 
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.random_seed")) {
+                void *p;
+                size_t sz;
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = unbase64mem(value, (size_t) -1, &p, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse systemd.random_seed= argument, ignoring: %s", value);
+
+                free(arg_random_seed);
+                arg_random_seed = sz > 0 ? p : mfree(p);
+                arg_random_seed_size = sz;
+
         } else if (streq(key, "quiet") && !value) {
 
                 if (arg_show_status == _SHOW_STATUS_INVALID)
@@ -1574,6 +1593,9 @@ static void apply_clock_update(void) {
         if (arg_clock_usec == 0)
                 return;
 
+        if (getpid_cached() != 1)
+                return;
+
         if (clock_settime(CLOCK_REALTIME, timespec_store(&ts, arg_clock_usec)) < 0)
                 log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to set system clock to time specified on kernel command line: %m");
         else {
@@ -1584,6 +1606,40 @@ static void apply_clock_update(void) {
         }
 }
 
+static void cmdline_take_random_seed(void) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int random_fd = -1;
+        size_t suggested;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_random_seed_size == 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (getpid_cached() != 1)
+                return;
+
+        assert(arg_random_seed);
+        suggested = random_pool_size();
+
+        if (arg_random_seed_size < suggested)
+                log_warning("Random seed specified on kernel command line has size %zu, but %zu bytes required to fill entropy pool.",
+                            arg_random_seed_size, suggested);
+
+        random_fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (random_fd < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/urandom for writing, ignoring: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        r = random_write_entropy(random_fd, arg_random_seed, arg_random_seed_size, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to credit entropy specified on kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_notice("Successfully credited entropy passed on kernel command line.\n"
+                   "Note that the seed provided this way is accessible to unprivileged programs. This functionality should not be used outside of testing environments.");
+}
+
 static void initialize_coredump(bool skip_setup) {
 #if ENABLE_COREDUMP
         if (getpid_cached() != 1)
@@ -2261,6 +2317,9 @@ static void reset_arguments(void) {
 
         cpu_set_reset(&arg_cpu_affinity);
         numa_policy_reset(&arg_numa_policy);
+
+        arg_random_seed = mfree(arg_random_seed);
+        arg_random_seed_size = 0;
 }
 
 static int parse_configuration(const struct rlimit *saved_rlimit_nofile,
@@ -2580,8 +2639,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         /* For later on, see above... */
                         log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL);
 
-                        /* clear the kernel timestamp,
-                         * because we are in a container */
+                        /* clear the kernel timestamp, because we are in a container */
                         kernel_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
                 }
 
@@ -2600,8 +2658,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
                 log_open();
 
-                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
-                 * because we are not PID 1 */
+                /* clear the kernel timestamp, because we are not PID 1 */
                 kernel_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
 
                 if (mac_selinux_init() < 0) {
@@ -2620,8 +2677,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to redirect standard streams to /dev/null, ignoring: %m");
         }
 
-        /* Mount /proc, /sys and friends, so that /proc/cmdline and
-         * /proc/$PID/fd is available. */
+        /* Mount /proc, /sys and friends, so that /proc/cmdline and /proc/$PID/fd is available. */
         if (getpid_cached() == 1) {
 
                 /* Load the kernel modules early. */
@@ -2694,8 +2750,13 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);
 
         if (arg_action == ACTION_RUN) {
-                /* Apply the systemd.clock_usec= kernel command line switch */
-                apply_clock_update();
+                if (!skip_setup) {
+                        /* Apply the systemd.clock_usec= kernel command line switch */
+                        apply_clock_update();
+
+                        /* Apply random seed from kernel command line */
+                        cmdline_take_random_seed();
+                }
 
                 /* A core pattern might have been specified via the cmdline.  */
                 initialize_core_pattern(skip_setup);

src/core/unit.c

@@ -4524,24 +4524,27 @@ int unit_patch_contexts(Unit *u) {
 
                 if (ec->root_image &&
                     (cc->device_policy != CGROUP_DEVICE_POLICY_AUTO || cc->device_allow)) {
+                        const char *p;
 
                         /* When RootImage= is specified, the following devices are touched. */
-                        r = cgroup_add_device_allow(cc, "/dev/loop-control", "rw");
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return r;
+                        FOREACH_STRING(p, "/dev/loop-control", "/dev/mapper/control") {
+                                r = cgroup_add_device_allow(cc, p, "rw");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                        FOREACH_STRING(p, "block-loop", "block-blkext", "block-device-mapper") {
+                                r = cgroup_add_device_allow(cc, p, "rwm");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
 
-                        r = cgroup_add_device_allow(cc, "block-loop", "rwm");
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return r;
-
-                        r = cgroup_add_device_allow(cc, "block-blkext", "rwm");
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return r;
-
-                        /* Make sure "block-loop" can be resolved, i.e. make sure "loop" shows up in /proc/devices */
-                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS, "modprobe@loop.service", true, UNIT_DEPENDENCY_FILE);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return r;
+                        /* Make sure "block-loop" can be resolved, i.e. make sure "loop" shows up in /proc/devices.
+                         * Same for mapper and verity. */
+                        FOREACH_STRING(p, "modprobe@loop.service", "modprobe@dm_mod.service", "modprobe@dm_verity.service") {
+                                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS, p, true, UNIT_DEPENDENCY_FILE);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
                 }
 
                 if (ec->protect_clock) {

src/home/homectl.c

@@ -1380,7 +1380,7 @@ static int create_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        /* Remember the original hashed paswords before we add our own, so that we can return to them later,
+        /* Remember the original hashed passwords before we add our own, so that we can return to them later,
          * should the entered password turn out not to be acceptable. */
         original_hashed_passwords = strv_copy(hr->hashed_password);
         if (!original_hashed_passwords)

src/random-seed/random-seed.c

@@ -236,24 +236,10 @@ static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                                 }
                         }
 
-                        if (IN_SET(lets_credit, CREDIT_ENTROPY_YES_PLEASE, CREDIT_ENTROPY_YES_FORCED)) {
-                                _cleanup_free_ struct rand_pool_info *info = NULL;
-
-                                info = malloc(offsetof(struct rand_pool_info, buf) + k);
-                                if (!info)
-                                        return log_oom();
-
-                                info->entropy_count = k * 8;
-                                info->buf_size = k;
-                                memcpy(info->buf, buf, k);
-
-                                if (ioctl(random_fd, RNDADDENTROPY, info) < 0)
-                                        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to credit entropy, ignoring: %m");
-                        } else {
-                                r = loop_write(random_fd, buf, (size_t) k, false);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write seed to /dev/urandom: %m");
-                        }
+                        r = random_write_entropy(random_fd, buf, k,
+                                                 IN_SET(lets_credit, CREDIT_ENTROPY_YES_PLEASE, CREDIT_ENTROPY_YES_FORCED));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write seed to /dev/urandom: %m");
                 }
         }
 
@@ -305,7 +291,7 @@ static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                  * entropy later on. Let's keep that in mind by setting an extended attribute. on the file */
                 if (getrandom_worked)
                         if (fsetxattr(seed_fd, "user.random-seed-creditable", "1", 1, 0) < 0)
-                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(errno, ENOSYS, EOPNOTSUPP) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, errno,
+                                log_full_errno(ERRNO_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED(errno) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, errno,
                                                "Failed to mark seed file as creditable, ignoring: %m");
         }
 

src/shared/efi-loader.c

@@ -713,28 +713,6 @@ int efi_loader_get_features(uint64_t *ret) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-#endif
-
-bool efi_loader_entry_name_valid(const char *s) {
-        if (isempty(s))
-                return false;
-
-        if (strlen(s) > FILENAME_MAX) /* Make sure entry names fit in filenames */
-                return false;
-
-        return in_charset(s, ALPHANUMERICAL "+-_.");
-}
-
-char *efi_tilt_backslashes(char *s) {
-        char *p;
-
-        for (p = s; *p; p++)
-                if (*p == '\\')
-                        *p = '/';
-
-        return s;
-}
-
 int efi_loader_get_config_timeout_one_shot(usec_t *ret) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL, *fn = NULL;
         static struct stat cache_stat = {};
@@ -804,3 +782,25 @@ int efi_loader_update_entry_one_shot_cache(char **cache, struct stat *cache_stat
 
         return 0;
 }
+
+#endif
+
+bool efi_loader_entry_name_valid(const char *s) {
+        if (isempty(s))
+                return false;
+
+        if (strlen(s) > FILENAME_MAX) /* Make sure entry names fit in filenames */
+                return false;
+
+        return in_charset(s, ALPHANUMERICAL "+-_.");
+}
+
+char *efi_tilt_backslashes(char *s) {
+        char *p;
+
+        for (p = s; *p; p++)
+                if (*p == '\\')
+                        *p = '/';
+
+        return s;
+}

src/systemd/sd-messages.h

@@ -166,6 +166,10 @@ _SD_BEGIN_DECLARATIONS;
 #define SD_MESSAGE_MOUNT_POINT_PATH_NOT_SUITABLE_STR \
                                           SD_ID128_MAKE_STR(1b,3b,b9,40,37,f0,4b,bf,81,02,8e,13,5a,12,d2,93)
 
+#define SD_MESSAGE_NOBODY_USER_UNSUITABLE SD_ID128_MAKE(b4,80,32,5f,9c,39,4a,7b,80,2c,23,1e,51,a2,75,2c)
+#define SD_MESSAGE_NOBODY_USER_UNSUITABLE_STR \
+                                          SD_ID128_MAKE_STR(b4,80,32,5f,9c,39,4a,7b,80,2c,23,1e,51,a2,75,2c)
+
 _SD_END_DECLARATIONS;
 
 #endif

src/udev/udevd.c

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ static int worker_mark_block_device_read_only(sd_device *dev) {
 
         /* Exclude synthetic devices for now, this is supposed to be a safety feature to avoid modification
          * of physical devices, and what sits on top of those doesn't really matter if we don't allow the
-         * underlying block devices to recieve changes. */
+         * underlying block devices to receive changes. */
         if (STARTSWITH_SET(val, "dm-", "md", "drbd", "loop", "nbd", "zram"))
                 return 0;