repart: Correctly handle btrfs compression (#39597)

systemd-repart is incorrectly choosing the loop-mount
code path to copy files after formatting, instead of using the --rootdir
path, which is required by mkfs.btrfs to apply compression (since it's
on files, not the fs).

So two fixes (and an integ test):

1. If Btrfs compression is requested without a root directory (e.g.,
Compression= without CopyFiles=), we now log a warning and skip the
--compress flag. This prevents the mkfs.btrfs failure, and it's
meaningless anyway without any files.
2. The logic in repart now uses the --rootdir code path whenever the
partition is btrfs and compression is requested. Otherwise it still
won't work even in the legitimate case because use the loop mounting
code, which is too late to use --compress.

Fixes: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/39584

src/repart/repart.c

@@ -6785,7 +6785,8 @@ static int context_mkfs(Context *context) {
                  * have to populate using the filesystem's mkfs's --root= (or equivalent) option. To do that,
                  * we need to set up the final directory tree beforehand. */
 
-                if (partition_needs_populate(p) && (!t->loop || fstype_is_ro(p->format))) {
+                if (partition_needs_populate(p) &&
+                    (!t->loop || fstype_is_ro(p->format) || (streq_ptr(p->format, "btrfs") && p->compression))) {
                         if (!mkfs_supports_root_option(p->format))
                                 return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENODEV),
                                                         "Loop device access is required to populate %s filesystems.",
@@ -8533,7 +8534,7 @@ static int context_minimize(Context *context) {
                                 return r;
                 }
 
-                if (!d || fstype_is_ro(p->format)) {
+                if (!d || fstype_is_ro(p->format) || (streq_ptr(p->format, "btrfs") && p->compression)) {
                         if (!mkfs_supports_root_option(p->format))
                                 return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENODEV),
                                                        "Loop device access is required to populate %s filesystems.",

src/shared/mkfs-util.c

@@ -466,6 +466,10 @@ int make_filesystem(
                         return log_oom();
 
                 if (compression) {
+                        if (!root)
+                                log_warning("Btrfs compression setting ignored because no files are being copied. "
+                                            "Compression= can only be applied when CopyFiles= is also specified.");
+                        else {
                                 _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
 
                                 c = strdup(compression);
@@ -478,6 +482,7 @@ int make_filesystem(
                                 if (strv_extend_many(&argv, "--compress", c) < 0)
                                         return log_oom();
                         }
+                }
 
                 /* mkfs.btrfs unconditionally warns about several settings changing from v5.15 onwards which
                  * isn't silenced by "-q", so let's redirect stdout to /dev/null as well. */

test/units/TEST-58-REPART.sh

@@ -1685,6 +1685,76 @@ EOF
     grep -q 'UUID=[0-9a-f-]* /home btrfs discard,rw,nodev,suid,exec,subvol=@home,zstd:1,noatime,lazytime 0 1' "$root"/etc/fstab
 }
 
+testcase_btrfs_compression() {
+    local defs imgs loop output
+
+    if ! systemd-analyze compare-versions "$(btrfs --version | head -n 1 | awk '{ print $2 }')" ge v6.13; then
+        echo "btrfs-progs is not installed or older than v6.13, skipping test."
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    defs="$(mktemp -d)"
+    imgs="$(mktemp -d)"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2064
+    trap "rm -rf '$defs' '$imgs'" RETURN
+    chmod 0755 "$defs"
+
+    echo "*** testcase for btrfs compression with CopyFiles (OFFLINE=$OFFLINE) ***"
+
+    # Must not be in tmpfs due to exclusions. It also must be large and
+    # compressible so that the compression check succeeds later.
+    src=/etc/test-source-file
+    dd if=/dev/zero of="$src" bs=1M count=1 2>/dev/null
+
+    tee "$defs/btrfs-compressed.conf" <<EOF
+[Partition]
+Type=linux-generic
+Format=btrfs
+Compression=zstd
+CopyFiles=$src:/test-file
+SizeMinBytes=100M
+SizeMaxBytes=100M
+EOF
+
+    systemd-repart --offline="$OFFLINE" \
+                   --definitions="$defs" \
+                   --empty=create \
+                   --size=auto \
+                   --dry-run=no \
+                   --seed="$seed" \
+                   "$imgs/btrfs-compressed.img" 2>&1 | tee "$imgs/repart-output.txt"
+    rm "$src"
+
+    output=$(cat "$imgs/repart-output.txt")
+
+    assert_in "Rootdir from:" "$output"
+    assert_in "Compress:" "$output"
+
+    if [[ "$OFFLINE" == "yes" ]] || systemd-detect-virt --quiet --container; then
+        echo "Skipping mount verification (requires loop devices)"
+        return 0
+    fi
+    loop="$(losetup -P --show --find "$imgs/btrfs-compressed.img")"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2064
+    trap "umount '$imgs/mount' 2>/dev/null || true; losetup -d '$loop' 2>/dev/null || true; rm -rf '$defs' '$imgs'" RETURN
+    echo "Loop device: $loop"
+    udevadm wait --timeout=60 --settle "${loop:?}p1"
+
+    mkdir -p "$imgs/mount"
+    mount -t btrfs "${loop:?}p1" "$imgs/mount"
+
+    [[ -f "$imgs/mount/test-file" ]]
+    [[ "$(stat -c%s "$imgs/mount/test-file")" == "1048576" ]]
+
+    if command -v compsize &>/dev/null; then
+        output=$(compsize "$imgs/mount/test-file" 2>&1)
+        assert_in "zstd" "$output"
+    fi
+
+    umount "$imgs/mount"
+    losetup -d "$loop"
+}
+
 testcase_varlink_list_devices() {
     REPART="$(which systemd-repart)"
     varlinkctl introspect "$REPART"