Merge e9cfc2bd94 into 5261c521e3

Follow-up for d49d95df0a.
Replaces 9a032ec55a.
Fixes #35075.

TODO

@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ Deprecations and removals:
 
 Features:
 
+* format-table: introduce new cell type for strings with ansi sequences in
+  them. display them in regular output mode (via strip_tab_ansi()), but
+  suppress them in json mode.
+
 * machined: when registering a machine, also take a relative cgroup path,
   relative to the machine's unit. This is useful when registering unpriv
   machines, as they might sit down the cgroup tree, below a cgroup delegation
@@ -217,12 +221,8 @@ Features:
   services where mount propagation from the root fs is off, an still have
   confext/sysext propagated in.
 
-* support F_DUDFD_QUERY for comparing fds in same_fd (requires kernel 6.10)
-
 * generic interface for varlink for setting log level and stuff that all our daemons can implement
 
-* use pty ioctl to get peer wherever possible (TIOCGPTPEER)
-
 * maybe teach repart.d/ dropins a new setting MakeMountNodes= or so, which is
   just like MakeDirectories=, but uses an access mode of 0000 and sets the +i
   chattr bit. This is useful as protection against early uses of /var/ or /tmp/
@@ -253,8 +253,6 @@ Features:
 * initrd: when transitioning from initrd to host, validate that
   /lib/modules/`uname -r` exists, refuse otherwise
 
-* tmpfiles: add "owning" flag for lines that limits effect of --purge
-
 * signed bpf loading: to address need for signature verification for bpf
   programs when they are loaded, and given the bpf folks don't think this is
   realistic in kernel space, maybe add small daemon that facilitates this
@@ -458,9 +456,6 @@ Features:
 * introduce mntid_t, and make it 64bit, as apparently the kernel switched to
   64bit mount ids
 
-* use udev rule networkd ownership property to take ownership of network
-  interfaces nspawn creates
-
 * mountfsd/nsresourced
   - userdb: maybe allow callers to map one uid to their own uid
   - bpflsm: allow writes if resulting UID on disk would be userns' owner UID
@@ -647,6 +642,7 @@ Features:
   - openpt_allocate_in_namespace()
   - unit_attach_pid_to_cgroup_via_bus()
   - cg_attach() – requires new kernel feature
+  - journald's process cache
 
 * ddi must be listed as block device fstype
 
@@ -1470,9 +1466,6 @@ Features:
 
 * in sd-id128: also parse UUIDs in RFC4122 URN syntax (i.e. chop off urn:uuid: prefix)
 
-* DynamicUser= + StateDirectory= → use uid mapping mounts, too, in order to
-  make dirs appear under right UID.
-
 * systemd-sysext: optionally, run it in initrd already, before transitioning
   into host, to open up possibility for services shipped like that.
 
@@ -1644,14 +1637,6 @@ Features:
 
 * maybe add kernel cmdline params: to force random seed crediting
 
-* introduce a new per-process uuid, similar to the boot id, the machine id, the
-  invocation id, that is derived from process creds, specifically a hashed
-  combination of AT_RANDOM + getpid() + the starttime from
-  /proc/self/status. Then add these ids implicitly when logging. Deriving this
-  uuid from these three things has the benefit that it can be derived easily
-  from /proc/$PID/ in a stable, and unique way that changes on both fork() and
-  exec().
-
 * let's not GC a unit while its ratelimits are still pending
 
 * when killing due to service watchdog timeout maybe detect whether target

src/basic/fs-util.c

@@ -1131,6 +1131,8 @@ int xopenat_full(int dir_fd, const char *path, int open_flags, XOpenFlags xopen_
          *   • If O_CREAT is used with XO_LABEL, any created file will be immediately relabelled.
          *
          *   • If the path is specified NULL or empty, behaves like fd_reopen().
+         *
+         *   • If XO_NOCOW is specified will turn on the NOCOW btrfs flag on the file, if available.
          */
 
         if (isempty(path)) {

src/resolve/meson.build

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ basic_dns_sources = files(
         'resolved-dns-rr.c',
         'resolved-dns-answer.c',
         'resolved-dns-question.c',
+        'resolved-dns-browse-services.c',
         'resolved-util.c',
         'dns-type.c',
 )

src/resolve/resolved-dns-browse-services.c

@@ -0,0 +1,687 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include "af-list.h"
+#include "event-util.h"
+#include "json-util.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-browse-services.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-cache.h"
+#include "resolved-varlink.h"
+
+/* RFC 6762 section 5.2 - The querier should plan to issue a query at 80% of
+ * the record lifetime, and then if no answer is received, at 85%, 90%, and 95%. */
+static usec_t mdns_maintenance_next_time(usec_t until, uint32_t ttl, int ttl_state) {
+        return usec_sub_unsigned(until, (20 - ttl_state * 5) * ttl * USEC_PER_SEC / 100);
+}
+
+/* RFC 6762 section 5.2 - A random variation of 2% of the record TTL should
+ * be added to maintenance queries. */
+static usec_t mdns_maintenance_jitter(uint32_t ttl) {
+        return random_u64_range(100) * 2 * ttl * USEC_PER_SEC / 10000;
+}
+
+#define MDNS_80_PERCENT 80
+#define MDNS_5_PERCENT 5
+
+static void mdns_find_service_from_query(DnsService **service, DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsQuery *q) {
+        assert(sb);
+
+        /* Find the service that owns the query. */
+        LIST_FOREACH(dns_services, s, sb->dns_services) {
+                if (s->query == q) {
+                        *service = s;
+                        return;
+                }
+        }
+        *service = NULL;
+}
+
+static void mdns_maintenance_query_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_service_browser_unrefp) DnsServiceBrowser *sb = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_query_freep) DnsQuery *query = q;
+        DnsService *service = NULL;
+        int  r;
+
+        assert(query);
+        assert(query->manager);
+
+        sb = dns_service_browser_ref(hashmap_get(query->manager->dns_service_browsers, query->varlink_request));
+        if (!sb)
+                return;
+
+        if (query->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_answer_match_key(query->answer, sb->key, NULL);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, query->answer_family);
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "mDNS maintenance query complete failed: %m");
+
+        mdns_find_service_from_query(&service, sb, query);
+        if (service)
+                service->query = NULL;
+}
+
+static int mdns_maintenance_query(sd_event_source *s, uint64_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        DnsService *service = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_query_freep) DnsQuery *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(userdata);
+
+        service = userdata;
+
+        if (service->rr_ttl_state++ == MDNS_TTL_100_PERCENT)
+                return mdns_browser_lookup_cache(service->sb, service->family);
+
+        r = dns_query_new(service->sb->m, &q, service->sb->question_utf8, service->sb->question_idna, NULL, service->sb->ifindex, service->sb->flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        q->complete = mdns_maintenance_query_complete;
+        q->varlink_request = sd_varlink_ref(service->sb->link);
+        service->query = TAKE_PTR(q);
+
+        usec_t next_time = mdns_maintenance_next_time(service->until, service->rr->ttl, service->rr_ttl_state);
+
+        /* Schedule next maintenance query for service */
+        r = event_reset_time(
+                service->sb->m->event, &service->schedule_event,
+                CLOCK_BOOTTIME, next_time, 0, mdns_maintenance_query,
+                service, 0, "mdns-next-query-schedule", true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = dns_query_go(service->query);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        return 0;
+
+finish:
+        dns_query_free(service->query);
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed mdns maintenance query: %m");
+}
+
+int dns_add_new_service(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int owner_family) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_service_unrefp) DnsService *s = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(sb);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        s = new(DnsService, 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        usec_t usec = now(CLOCK_BOOTTIME);
+
+        *s = (DnsService) {
+                .n_ref = 1,
+                .sb = dns_service_browser_ref(sb),
+                .rr = dns_resource_record_copy(rr),
+                .family = owner_family,
+                .until = rr->until,
+                .query = NULL,
+                .rr_ttl_state = MDNS_TTL_80_PERCENT,
+        };
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(dns_services, sb->dns_services, s);
+
+        /* Schedule the first cache maintenance query at 80% of the record's TTL.
+         * Subsequent queries issued at 5% increments until 100% of the TTL. RFC 6762 section 5.2.
+         * If service is being added after 80% of the TTL has already elapsed,
+         * schedule the next query at the next 5% increment. */
+        usec_t next_time = 0;
+        while (s->rr_ttl_state <= MDNS_TTL_100_PERCENT) {
+                next_time = mdns_maintenance_next_time(rr->until, rr->ttl, s->rr_ttl_state);
+                if (next_time >= usec)
+                        break;
+                s->rr_ttl_state++;
+        }
+
+        if (next_time < usec) {
+                /* If next_time is still in the past, the service is being added after it has already expired.
+                 * Just schedule a 100% maintenance query */
+                next_time = usec + USEC_PER_SEC;
+                s->rr_ttl_state = MDNS_TTL_100_PERCENT;
+        }
+
+        usec_t jitter = mdns_maintenance_jitter(rr->ttl);
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        sb->m->event,
+                        &s->schedule_event,
+                        CLOCK_BOOTTIME,
+                        usec_add(next_time, jitter),
+                        0,
+                        mdns_maintenance_query,
+                        s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        TAKE_PTR(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_remove_service(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsService *service) {
+        assert(sb);
+        assert(service);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(dns_services, sb->dns_services, service);
+        dns_service_free(service);
+}
+
+DnsService *dns_service_free(DnsService *service) {
+        if (!service)
+                return NULL;
+
+        sd_event_source_disable_unref(service->schedule_event);
+
+        if (service->query && DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(service->query->state))
+                        dns_query_complete(service->query, DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED);
+
+        dns_service_browser_unref(service->sb);
+
+        dns_resource_record_unref(service->rr);
+
+        return mfree(service);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_REF_UNREF_FUNC(DnsService, dns_service, dns_service_free);
+
+int mdns_service_update(DnsService *service, DnsResourceRecord *rr, usec_t t) {
+        service->until = rr->until;
+        service->rr->ttl = rr->ttl;
+
+        /* Update the 80% TTL maintenance event based on new record received from the network.
+         * RFC 6762 section 5.2  */
+        usec_t next_time = mdns_maintenance_next_time(service->until, service->rr->ttl, MDNS_TTL_80_PERCENT);
+        usec_t jitter = mdns_maintenance_jitter(service->rr->ttl);
+
+        if (service->schedule_event)
+                return sd_event_source_set_time(service->schedule_event, usec_add(next_time, jitter));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool dns_service_contains(DnsService *services, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int owner_family) {
+        usec_t t = now(CLOCK_BOOTTIME);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(dns_services, service, services)
+                if (dns_resource_record_equal(rr, service->rr) > 0 && service->family == owner_family) {
+                        if (rr->ttl <= 1)
+                                return true;
+
+                        if (rr->until > service->until)
+                                mdns_service_update(service, rr, t);
+
+                        return true;
+                }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+void dns_browse_services_purge(Manager *m, int family) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        /* Called after caches are flused.
+         * Clear local service records and notify varlink client. */
+        if (!(m && m->dns_service_browsers))
+                return;
+
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb;
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(sb, m->dns_service_browsers) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(sb->schedule_event, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (family == AF_UNSPEC) {
+                        r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, AF_INET);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                        r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, AF_INET6);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "mdns browse services purge failed: %m");
+        return;
+}
+
+int mdns_manage_services_answer(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsAnswer *answer, int owner_family) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *i;
+        _cleanup_(sd_json_variant_unrefp) sd_json_variant *array = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(sb);
+
+        /* Check for new service added */
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(i, answer) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *type = NULL, *domain = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_json_variant_unrefp) sd_json_variant *entry = NULL;
+
+                if (dns_service_contains(sb->dns_services, i, owner_family))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_service_split(i->ptr.name, &name, &type, &domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (!name) {
+                        type = mfree(type);
+                        domain = mfree(domain);
+                        r = dns_service_split(dns_resource_key_name(i->key), &name, &type, &domain);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!type)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_add_new_service(sb, i, owner_family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                log_debug("Add into the list  %s, %s, %s, %s, %d",
+                          strna(name),
+                          strna(type),
+                          strna(domain),
+                          strna(af_to_ipv4_ipv6(owner_family)),
+                          sb->ifindex);
+
+                r = sd_json_buildo(&entry,
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("add_flag", SD_JSON_BUILD_BOOLEAN(true)),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("family", SD_JSON_BUILD_INTEGER(owner_family)),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("name", SD_JSON_BUILD_STRING(name?: "")),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("type", SD_JSON_BUILD_STRING(type?: "")),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("domain", SD_JSON_BUILD_STRING(domain?: "")),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("interface", SD_JSON_BUILD_INTEGER(sb->ifindex)));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = sd_json_variant_append_array(&array, entry);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Check for services removed */
+        LIST_FOREACH(dns_services, service, sb->dns_services) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *type = NULL, *domain = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_json_variant_unrefp) sd_json_variant *entry = NULL;
+
+                if (service->family != owner_family)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (dns_answer_contains(answer, service->rr))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_service_split(service->rr->ptr.name, &name, &type, &domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (!name) {
+                        type = mfree(type);
+                        domain = mfree(domain);
+                        r = dns_service_split(dns_resource_key_name(service->rr->key), &name, &type, &domain);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+                dns_remove_service(sb, service);
+
+                log_debug("Remove from the list  %s, %s, %s, %s, %d",
+                          strna(name),
+                          strna(type),
+                          strna(domain),
+                          strna(af_to_ipv4_ipv6(owner_family)),
+                          sb->ifindex);
+
+                r = sd_json_buildo(&entry,
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("add_flag", SD_JSON_BUILD_BOOLEAN(false)),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("family", SD_JSON_BUILD_INTEGER(owner_family)),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("name", SD_JSON_BUILD_STRING(name?: "")),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("type", SD_JSON_BUILD_STRING(type?: "")),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("domain", SD_JSON_BUILD_STRING(domain?: "")),
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("interface", SD_JSON_BUILD_INTEGER(sb->ifindex)));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = sd_json_variant_append_array(&array, entry);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (!sd_json_variant_is_blank_array(array)) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_json_variant_unrefp) sd_json_variant *vm = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_json_buildo(&vm,
+                                        SD_JSON_BUILD_PAIR("browser_service_data", SD_JSON_BUILD_VARIANT(array)));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = sd_varlink_notify(sb->link, vm);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+finish:
+        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to process received services: %m");
+        return sd_varlink_error_errno(sb->link, r);
+}
+
+int mdns_browser_lookup_cache(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, int owner_family) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *lookup_ret_answer = NULL;
+        DnsScope *scope;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(sb);
+        assert(sb->m);
+
+        scope = manager_find_scope_from_protocol(sb->m, sb->ifindex, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, owner_family);
+        if (!scope)
+                return 0;
+
+        dns_cache_prune(&scope->cache);
+
+        r = dns_cache_lookup(
+                        &scope->cache,
+                        sb->key,
+                        sb->flags,
+                        NULL,
+                        &lookup_ret_answer,
+                        NULL,
+                        NULL,
+                        NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return mdns_manage_services_answer(sb, lookup_ret_answer, owner_family);
+}
+
+int mdns_notify_browsers_goodbye(DnsScope *scope) {
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!scope)
+                return 0;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(sb, scope->manager->dns_service_browsers) {
+                r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, scope->family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+finish:
+        return r;
+}
+
+int mdns_notify_browsers_unsolicited_updates(Manager *m, DnsAnswer *answer, int owner_family) {
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!answer)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!m->dns_service_browsers)
+                return 0;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(sb, m->dns_service_browsers) {
+                r = dns_answer_match_key(answer, sb->key, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                else if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, owner_family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+finish:
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to notify mDNS service subscribers, %m");
+}
+
+static void mdns_browse_service_query_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_service_browser_unrefp) DnsServiceBrowser *sb = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_query_freep) DnsQuery *query = q;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(query);
+        assert(query->manager);
+
+        if (query->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS)
+                return;
+
+        sb = dns_service_browser_ref(hashmap_get(query->manager->dns_service_browsers, query->varlink_request));
+        if (!sb)
+                return;
+
+        r = dns_answer_match_key(query->answer, sb->key, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+        else if (r == 0)
+                return;
+
+        r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, query->answer_family);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* When the query is answered from cache, we only get answers for one answer_family
+         * i.e. either ipv4 or ipv6.
+         * We need to perform another cache lookup for the other answer_family */
+        if (query->answer_query_flags == SD_RESOLVED_FROM_CACHE) {
+                r = mdns_browser_lookup_cache(sb, query->answer_family == AF_INET? AF_INET6 : AF_INET);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        return;
+finish:
+        log_error_errno(r, "mDNS browse query complete failed, %m");
+}
+
+static int mdns_next_query_schedule(sd_event_source *s, uint64_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_service_browser_unrefp) DnsServiceBrowser *sb = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_query_freep) DnsQuery *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(userdata);
+
+        sb = dns_service_browser_ref(userdata);
+
+        r = dns_query_new(sb->m, &q, sb->question_utf8, sb->question_idna, NULL, sb->ifindex, sb->flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        q->complete = mdns_browse_service_query_complete;
+        q->varlink_request = sd_varlink_ref(sb->link);
+        sd_varlink_set_userdata(sb->link, q);
+
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* RFC6762 5.2
+         * The intervals between successive queries MUST increase by at least a factor of two.
+         * When the interval between queries reaches or exceeds 60 minutes,perform
+         * subsequent queries at a steady-state rate of one query per hour */
+        if (sb->delay == 0) {
+                sb->delay++;
+                /* First query is sent wihtout SD_RESOLVED_NO_CACHE to fetch answers already in cache.
+                 * Set SD_RESOLVED_NO_CACHE to make all subsequent queries go to the network. */
+                sb->flags |= SD_RESOLVED_NO_CACHE;
+        }
+        else
+                sb->delay = sb->delay < 2048 ? sb->delay * 2 : 3600;
+
+        r = event_reset_time_relative(
+                sb->m->event, &sb->schedule_event,
+                CLOCK_BOOTTIME, (sb->delay * USEC_PER_SEC),
+                0, mdns_next_query_schedule,
+                sb, 0, "mdns-next-query-schedule", true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        TAKE_PTR(q);
+
+        return 0;
+
+finish:
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to schedule mDNS query, %m");
+}
+
+void dns_service_browser_reset(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (!(m && m->dns_service_browsers))
+                return;
+
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(sb, m->dns_service_browsers) {
+                sb->delay = 0;
+
+                r = event_reset_time_relative(
+                        sb->m->event, &sb->schedule_event,
+                        CLOCK_BOOTTIME, (sb->delay * USEC_PER_SEC),
+                        0, mdns_next_query_schedule,
+                        sb, 0, "mdns-next-query-schedule", true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reset mdns service subscriber, %m");
+        }
+
+        return;
+}
+
+int dns_subscribe_browse_service(
+                Manager *m,
+                sd_varlink *link,
+                const char *domain,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *type,
+                int ifindex,
+                uint64_t flags) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_service_browser_unrefp) DnsServiceBrowser *sb = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question_idna = NULL, *question_utf8 = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(link);
+
+        if (ifindex <= 0)
+                return sd_varlink_error_invalid_parameter(link, JSON_VARIANT_STRING_CONST("ifindex"));
+
+        if (isempty(name))
+                name = NULL;
+        else if (!dns_service_name_is_valid(name))
+                return sd_varlink_error_invalid_parameter(link, JSON_VARIANT_STRING_CONST("name"));
+
+        if (isempty(type))
+                type = NULL;
+        else if (!dnssd_srv_type_is_valid(type))
+                return sd_varlink_error_invalid_parameter(link, JSON_VARIANT_STRING_CONST("type"));
+
+        r = dns_name_is_valid(domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return sd_varlink_error_invalid_parameter(link, JSON_VARIANT_STRING_CONST("domain"));
+
+        r = dns_question_new_service_type(&question_utf8, name, type, domain, false, DNS_TYPE_PTR);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_question_new_service_type(&question_idna, name, type, domain, true, DNS_TYPE_PTR);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        sb = new(DnsServiceBrowser, 1);
+        if (!sb)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        *sb = (DnsServiceBrowser) {
+                .n_ref = 1,
+                .m = m,
+                .link = sd_varlink_ref(link),
+                .question_utf8 = dns_question_ref(question_utf8),
+                .question_idna = dns_question_ref(question_idna),
+                .key = dns_question_first_key(question_utf8),
+                .ifindex = ifindex,
+                .flags = flags,
+        };
+
+        /* Only mDNS continuous querying is currently supported. See RFC 6762 */
+        switch (flags & SD_RESOLVED_PROTOCOLS_ALL) {
+        case SD_RESOLVED_MDNS:
+                r = sd_event_add_time(m->event,
+                                &sb->schedule_event,
+                                CLOCK_BOOTTIME,
+                                usec_add(now(CLOCK_BOOTTIME), (sb->delay * USEC_PER_SEC)),
+                                0,
+                                mdns_next_query_schedule,
+                                sb);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+        default:
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_put(&m->dns_service_browsers, NULL, link, sb);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        TAKE_PTR(sb);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsServiceBrowser *dns_service_browser_free(DnsServiceBrowser *sb) {
+        DnsQuery *q;
+
+        if (!sb)
+                return NULL;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(dns_services, service, sb->dns_services)
+                dns_remove_service(sb, service);
+
+        sd_event_source_disable_unref(sb->schedule_event);
+
+        q = sd_varlink_get_userdata(sb->link);
+        if (q && DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(q->state))
+                dns_query_complete(q, DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED);
+
+        dns_question_unref(sb->question_idna);
+        dns_question_unref(sb->question_utf8);
+
+        sd_varlink_unref(sb->link);
+
+        return mfree(sb);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_REF_UNREF_FUNC(DnsServiceBrowser, dns_service_browser, dns_service_browser_free);

src/resolve/resolved-dns-browse-services.h

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#pragma once
+
+typedef struct DnsServiceBrowser DnsServiceBrowser;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-query.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+#include "sd-varlink.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsService DnsService;
+
+typedef enum DnsRecordTTLState DnsRecordTTLState;
+
+enum DnsRecordTTLState {
+        MDNS_TTL_80_PERCENT,
+        MDNS_TTL_85_PERCENT,
+        MDNS_TTL_90_PERCENT,
+        MDNS_TTL_95_PERCENT,
+        MDNS_TTL_100_PERCENT
+};
+
+struct DnsService {
+        unsigned n_ref;
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb;
+        sd_event_source *schedule_event;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int family;
+        usec_t until;
+        DnsRecordTTLState rr_ttl_state;
+        DnsQuery *query;
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsService, dns_services);
+};
+
+struct DnsServiceBrowser {
+        unsigned n_ref;
+        Manager *m;
+        sd_varlink *link;
+        DnsQuestion *question_idna;
+        DnsQuestion *question_utf8;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        sd_event_source *schedule_event;
+        usec_t delay;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        int ifindex;
+        uint64_t token;
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsService, dns_services);
+};
+
+DnsServiceBrowser *dns_service_browser_free(DnsServiceBrowser *sb);
+void dns_remove_service(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsService *service);
+DnsService *dns_service_free(DnsService *service);
+
+DnsServiceBrowser* dns_service_browser_ref(DnsServiceBrowser *sb);
+DnsServiceBrowser* dns_service_browser_unref(DnsServiceBrowser *sb);
+
+DnsService* dns_service_ref(DnsService *service);
+DnsService* dns_service_unref(DnsService *service);
+
+void dns_browse_services_purge(Manager *m, int family);
+void dns_service_browser_reset(Manager *m);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsServiceBrowser*, dns_service_browser_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsService*, dns_service_unref);
+
+bool dns_service_contains(DnsService *services, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int owner_family);
+int mdns_manage_services_answer(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsAnswer *answer, int owner_family);
+int dns_add_new_service(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int owner_family);
+int mdns_service_update(DnsService *service, DnsResourceRecord *rr, usec_t t);
+int mdns_browser_lookup_cache(DnsServiceBrowser *sb, int owner_family);
+int dns_subscribe_browse_service(Manager *m,
+                sd_varlink *link,
+                const char *domain,
+                const char * name,
+                const char * type,
+                int ifindex,
+                uint64_t flags);
+int mdns_notify_browsers_unsolicited_updates(Manager *m, DnsAnswer *answer, int owner_family);
+int mdns_notify_browsers_goodbye(DnsScope *scope);

src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.c

@@ -1011,6 +1011,7 @@ static int answer_add_clamp_ttl(
                 }
         }
 
+        rr->until = until;
         r = dns_answer_add_extend(answer, rr, ifindex, answer_flags, rrsig);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;

src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.c

@@ -416,6 +416,66 @@ int dns_question_new_reverse(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const union in_addr_
         return 0;
 }
 
+int dns_question_new_service_type(
+                DnsQuestion **ret,
+                const char *service,
+                const char *type,
+                const char *domain,
+                bool convert_idna,
+                uint16_t record_type) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *q = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL, *joined = NULL;
+        const char *name;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (record_type == DNS_TYPE_SRV)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!domain)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (type) {
+                if (convert_idna) {
+                        r = dns_name_apply_idna(domain, &buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                domain = buf;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_service_join(service, type, domain, &joined);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                name = joined;
+        } else {
+                if (service)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                name = domain;
+        }
+
+        q = dns_question_new(1);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, record_type, name);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_question_add(q, key, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = TAKE_PTR(q);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int dns_question_new_service(
                 DnsQuestion **ret,
                 const char *service,

src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.h

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ DnsQuestion *dns_question_unref(DnsQuestion *q);
 int dns_question_new_address(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const char *name, bool convert_idna);
 int dns_question_new_reverse(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *a);
 int dns_question_new_service(DnsQuestion **ret, const char *service, const char *type, const char *domain, bool with_txt, bool convert_idna);
+int dns_question_new_service_type(DnsQuestion **ret, const char *service, const char *type, const char *domain, bool convert_idna, uint16_t record_type);
 
 int dns_question_add_raw(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsQuestionFlags flags);
 int dns_question_add(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsQuestionFlags flags);

src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.c

@@ -398,6 +398,7 @@ DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_new(DnsResourceKey *key) {
                 .n_ref = 1,
                 .key = dns_resource_key_ref(key),
                 .expiry = USEC_INFINITY,
+                .until = USEC_INFINITY,
                 .n_skip_labels_signer = UINT8_MAX,
                 .n_skip_labels_source = UINT8_MAX,
         };
@@ -1704,6 +1705,7 @@ DnsResourceRecord *dns_resource_record_copy(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
 
         copy->ttl = rr->ttl;
         copy->expiry = rr->expiry;
+        copy->until = rr->until;
         copy->n_skip_labels_signer = rr->n_skip_labels_signer;
         copy->n_skip_labels_source = rr->n_skip_labels_source;
         copy->unparsable = rr->unparsable;

src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.h

@@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ struct DnsResourceRecord {
         unsigned n_ref;
         uint32_t ttl;
         usec_t expiry; /* RRSIG signature expiry */
+        usec_t until; /* Used to pass until of a record when doing a dns_cache_lookup().
+                       * Needed to schedule cache maintenance queries when browsing for services. */
 
         DnsResourceKey *key;
 

src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.c

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "hostname-util.h"
 #include "missing_network.h"
 #include "random-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-browse-services.h"
 #include "resolved-dnssd.h"
 #include "resolved-dns-scope.h"
 #include "resolved-dns-synthesize.h"
@@ -121,6 +122,9 @@ DnsScope* dns_scope_free(DnsScope *s) {
         dns_cache_flush(&s->cache);
         dns_zone_flush(&s->zone);
 
+        /* Clear records of mDNS service browse subscriber, since cache bas been flushed */
+        dns_browse_services_purge(s->manager, s->family);
+
         LIST_REMOVE(scopes, s->manager->dns_scopes, s);
         return mfree(s);
 }

src/resolve/resolved-link.c

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "mkdir.h"
 #include "netif-util.h"
 #include "parse-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-browse-services.h"
 #include "resolved-link.h"
 #include "resolved-llmnr.h"
 #include "resolved-mdns.h"
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ void link_allocate_scopes(Link *l) {
                         r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->mdns_ipv4_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, AF_INET);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 log_link_warning_errno(l, r, "Failed to allocate mDNS IPv4 scope, ignoring: %m");
+                        dns_service_browser_reset(l->manager);
                 }
         } else
                 l->mdns_ipv4_scope = dns_scope_free(l->mdns_ipv4_scope);
@@ -176,6 +178,7 @@ void link_allocate_scopes(Link *l) {
                         r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->mdns_ipv6_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, AF_INET6);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 log_link_warning_errno(l, r, "Failed to allocate mDNS IPv6 scope, ignoring: %m");
+                        dns_service_browser_reset(l->manager);
                 }
         } else
                 l->mdns_ipv6_scope = dns_scope_free(l->mdns_ipv6_scope);

src/resolve/resolved-manager.c

@@ -769,6 +769,7 @@ int manager_start(Manager *m) {
 Manager *manager_free(Manager *m) {
         Link *l;
         DnssdService *s;
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb;
 
         if (!m)
                 return NULL;
@@ -840,6 +841,10 @@ Manager *manager_free(Manager *m) {
         dns_trust_anchor_flush(&m->trust_anchor);
         manager_etc_hosts_flush(m);
 
+        while ((sb = hashmap_first(m->dns_service_browsers)))
+                dns_service_browser_free(sb);
+        hashmap_free(m->dns_service_browsers);
+
         return mfree(m);
 }
 
@@ -1474,29 +1479,28 @@ bool manager_packet_from_our_transaction(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p) {
         return t->sent && dns_packet_equal(t->sent, p);
 }
 
-DnsScope* manager_find_scope(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p) {
+DnsScope* manager_find_scope_from_protocol(Manager *m, int ifindex, DnsProtocol protocol, int family) {
         Link *l;
 
         assert(m);
-        assert(p);
 
-        l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(p->ifindex));
+        l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex));
         if (!l)
                 return NULL;
 
-        switch (p->protocol) {
+        switch (protocol) {
         case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
-                if (p->family == AF_INET)
+                if (family == AF_INET)
                         return l->llmnr_ipv4_scope;
-                else if (p->family == AF_INET6)
+                else if (family == AF_INET6)
                         return l->llmnr_ipv6_scope;
 
                 break;
 
         case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
-                if (p->family == AF_INET)
+                if (family == AF_INET)
                         return l->mdns_ipv4_scope;
-                else if (p->family == AF_INET6)
+                else if (family == AF_INET6)
                         return l->mdns_ipv6_scope;
 
                 break;
@@ -1706,6 +1710,9 @@ void manager_flush_caches(Manager *m, int log_level) {
         LIST_FOREACH(scopes, scope, m->dns_scopes)
                 dns_cache_flush(&scope->cache);
 
+        dns_browse_services_purge(m, AF_UNSPEC); /* Clear records of DNS service browse subscriber, since caches are flushed */
+        dns_service_browser_reset(m);
+
         log_full(log_level, "Flushed all caches.");
 }
 

src/resolve/resolved-manager.h

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 typedef struct Manager Manager;
 
+#include "resolved-dns-browse-services.h"
 #include "resolved-dns-query.h"
 #include "resolved-dns-search-domain.h"
 #include "resolved-dns-stream.h"
@@ -161,6 +162,9 @@ struct Manager {
         size_t n_socket_graveyard;
 
         struct sigrtmin18_info sigrtmin18_info;
+
+        /* Map varlink links to DnsServiceBrowser instances. */
+        Hashmap *dns_service_browsers;
 };
 
 /* Manager */
@@ -188,7 +192,13 @@ int manager_next_hostname(Manager *m);
 bool manager_packet_from_local_address(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p);
 bool manager_packet_from_our_transaction(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p);
 
-DnsScope* manager_find_scope(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p);
+DnsScope* manager_find_scope_from_protocol(Manager *m, int ifindex, DnsProtocol protocol, int family);
+
+static inline DnsScope* manager_find_scope(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(p);
+        return manager_find_scope_from_protocol(m, p->ifindex, p->protocol, p->family);
+}
 
 void manager_verify_all(Manager *m);
 

src/resolve/resolved-mdns.c

@@ -359,6 +359,10 @@ static int mdns_goodbye_callback(sd_event_source *s, uint64_t usec, void *userda
 
         dns_cache_prune(&scope->cache);
 
+        r = mdns_notify_browsers_goodbye(scope);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "mDNS: Failed to notify service subscribers of goodbyes, %m");
+
         if (dns_cache_expiry_in_one_second(&scope->cache, usec)) {
                 r = sd_event_add_time_relative(
                         scope->manager->event,
@@ -380,6 +384,7 @@ static int on_mdns_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *us
         Manager *m = userdata;
         DnsScope *scope;
         int r;
+        bool unsolicited_packet = true;
 
         r = manager_recv(m, fd, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, &p);
         if (r <= 0)
@@ -455,30 +460,6 @@ static int on_mdns_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *us
                         }
                 }
 
-                for (bool match = true; match;) {
-                        match = false;
-                        LIST_FOREACH(transactions_by_scope, t, scope->transactions) {
-                                if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
-                                        continue;
-
-                                r = dns_answer_match_key(p->answer, dns_transaction_key(t), NULL);
-                                if (r <= 0) {
-                                        if (r < 0)
-                                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to match resource key, ignoring: %m");
-                                        continue;
-                                }
-
-                                /* This packet matches the transaction, let's pass it on as reply */
-                                dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p, false);
-
-                                /* The dns_transaction_process_reply() -> dns_transaction_complete() ->
-                                 * dns_query_candidate_stop() may free multiple transactions. Hence, restart
-                                 * the loop. */
-                                match = true;
-                                break;
-                        }
-                }
-
                 dns_cache_put(
                         &scope->cache,
                         scope->manager->enable_cache,
@@ -494,6 +475,35 @@ static int on_mdns_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *us
                         &p->sender,
                         scope->manager->stale_retention_usec);
 
+                for (bool match = true; match;) {
+                        match = false;
+                        LIST_FOREACH(transactions_by_scope, t, scope->transactions) {
+                                if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = dns_answer_match_key(p->answer, dns_transaction_key(t), NULL);
+                                if (r <= 0) {
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to match resource key, ignoring: %m");
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                unsolicited_packet = false;
+                                /* This packet matches the transaction, let's pass it on as reply */
+                                dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p, false);
+
+                                /* The dns_transaction_process_reply() -> dns_transaction_complete() ->
+                                 * dns_query_candidate_stop() may free multiple transactions. Hence, restart
+                                 * the loop. */
+                                match = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Check incoming packet key matches with active clients if yes update the same */
+                if (unsolicited_packet)
+                        mdns_notify_browsers_unsolicited_updates(m, p->answer, p->family);
+
         } else if (dns_packet_validate_query(p) > 0)  {
                 log_debug("Got mDNS query packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(p));
 

src/resolve/resolved-varlink.c

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "glyph-util.h"
 #include "in-addr-util.h"
 #include "json-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-browse-services.h"
 #include "resolved-dns-synthesize.h"
 #include "resolved-varlink.h"
 #include "socket-netlink.h"
@@ -30,11 +31,26 @@ typedef struct LookupParametersResolveService {
         uint64_t flags;
 } LookupParametersResolveService;
 
+typedef struct LookupParametersMdnsBrowse {
+        char *domainName;
+        char *name;
+        char *type;
+        int ifindex;
+        uint64_t flags;
+} LookupParametersMdnsBrowse;
+
 static void lookup_parameters_destroy(LookupParameters *p) {
         assert(p);
         free(p->name);
 }
 
+static void lookup_parameters_mdns_destroy(LookupParametersMdnsBrowse *p) {
+        assert(p);
+        free(p->domainName);
+        free(p->name);
+        free(p->type);
+}
+
 static int reply_query_state(DnsQuery *q) {
 
         assert(q);
@@ -108,10 +124,18 @@ static int reply_query_state(DnsQuery *q) {
 
 static void vl_on_disconnect(sd_varlink_server *s, sd_varlink *link, void *userdata) {
         DnsQuery *q;
+        Manager *m;
 
         assert(s);
         assert(link);
 
+        m = sd_varlink_server_get_userdata(s);
+        if (!m)
+                return;
+
+        DnsServiceBrowser *sb = hashmap_remove(m->dns_service_browsers, link);
+        dns_service_browser_free(sb);
+
         q = sd_varlink_get_userdata(link);
         if (!q)
                 return;
@@ -1209,6 +1233,43 @@ static int verify_polkit(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters, const ch
                                 &m->polkit_registry);
 }
 
+static int vl_method_start_browse(sd_varlink* link, sd_json_variant* parameters, sd_varlink_method_flags_t flags, void* userdata) {
+        static const sd_json_dispatch_field dispatch_table[] = {
+                { "domainName", SD_JSON_VARIANT_STRING,        sd_json_dispatch_string, offsetof(LookupParametersMdnsBrowse, domainName), SD_JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "name",       SD_JSON_VARIANT_STRING,        sd_json_dispatch_string, offsetof(LookupParametersMdnsBrowse, name),       0              },
+                { "type",       SD_JSON_VARIANT_STRING,        sd_json_dispatch_string, offsetof(LookupParametersMdnsBrowse, type),       0              },
+                { "ifindex",    _SD_JSON_VARIANT_TYPE_INVALID, sd_json_dispatch_int,    offsetof(LookupParametersMdnsBrowse, ifindex),    SD_JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "flags",      _SD_JSON_VARIANT_TYPE_INVALID, sd_json_dispatch_uint64, offsetof(LookupParametersMdnsBrowse, flags),      SD_JSON_MANDATORY },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(lookup_parameters_mdns_destroy) LookupParametersMdnsBrowse p = {};
+        Manager *m;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(link);
+
+        /* if the client didn't set the more flag, it is using us incorrectly */
+        if (!FLAGS_SET(flags, SD_VARLINK_METHOD_MORE))
+                return sd_varlink_error(link, SD_VARLINK_ERROR_EXPECTED_MORE, NULL);
+
+        m = sd_varlink_server_get_userdata(sd_varlink_get_server(link));
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_varlink_dispatch(link, parameters, dispatch_table, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "vl_method_start_browse json_dispatch fail: %m");
+
+        if (!validate_and_mangle_flags(NULL, &p.flags, 0))
+                return sd_varlink_error_invalid_parameter(link, JSON_VARIANT_STRING_CONST("flags"));
+
+        r = dns_subscribe_browse_service(m, link, p.domainName, p.name, p.type, p.ifindex, p.flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return sd_varlink_error_errno(link, r);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
 static int vl_method_subscribe_query_results(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters, sd_varlink_method_flags_t flags, void *userdata) {
         Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(sd_varlink_get_userdata(ASSERT_PTR(link)));
         int r;
@@ -1422,7 +1483,8 @@ static int varlink_main_server_init(Manager *m) {
                         "io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveHostname", vl_method_resolve_hostname,
                         "io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveAddress",  vl_method_resolve_address,
                         "io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveService",  vl_method_resolve_service,
-                        "io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveRecord",   vl_method_resolve_record);
+                        "io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveRecord",   vl_method_resolve_record,
+                        "io.systemd.Resolve.StartBrowse", vl_method_start_browse);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register varlink methods: %m");
 

src/shared/mount-util.c

@@ -1808,63 +1808,81 @@ char* umount_and_unlink_and_free(char *p) {
         return mfree(p);
 }
 
-static int path_get_mount_info(
+static int path_get_mount_info_at(
+                int dir_fd,
                 const char *path,
                 char **ret_fstype,
                 char **ret_options) {
 
         _cleanup_(mnt_free_tablep) struct libmnt_table *table = NULL;
-        _cleanup_free_ char *fstype = NULL, *options = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(mnt_free_iterp) struct libmnt_iter *iter = NULL;
-        struct libmnt_fs *fs;
+        int r, mnt_id;
-        int r;
 
-        assert(path);
+        assert(dir_fd >= 0 || dir_fd == AT_FDCWD);
 
-        table = mnt_new_table();
+        r = path_get_mnt_id_at(dir_fd, path, &mnt_id);
-        if (!table)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        r = mnt_table_parse_mtab(table, /* filename = */ NULL);
         if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to get mount ID: %m");
 
-        fs = mnt_table_find_mountpoint(table, path, MNT_ITER_FORWARD);
+        r = libmount_parse("/proc/self/mountinfo", NULL, &table, &iter);
-        if (!fs)
+        if (r < 0)
-                return -EINVAL;
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to parse /proc/self/mountinfo: %m");
 
-        if (ret_fstype) {
+        for (;;) {
-                fstype = strdup(strempty(mnt_fs_get_fstype(fs)));
+                struct libmnt_fs *fs;
-                if (!fstype)
+
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+                r = mnt_table_next_fs(table, iter, &fs);
+                if (r == 1)
+                        break; /* EOF */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to get next entry from /proc/self/mountinfo: %m");
+
+                if (mnt_fs_get_id(fs) != mnt_id)
+                        continue;
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *fstype = NULL, *options = NULL;
+
+                if (ret_fstype) {
+                        fstype = strdup(strempty(mnt_fs_get_fstype(fs)));
+                        if (!fstype)
+                                return log_oom_debug();
+                }
+
+                if (ret_options) {
+                        options = strdup(strempty(mnt_fs_get_options(fs)));
+                        if (!options)
+                                return log_oom_debug();
+                }
+
+                if (ret_fstype)
+                        *ret_fstype = TAKE_PTR(fstype);
+                if (ret_options)
+                        *ret_options = TAKE_PTR(options);
+
+                return 0;
         }
 
-        if (ret_options) {
+        return log_debug_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ESTALE), "Cannot find mount ID %i from /proc/self/mountinfo.", mnt_id);
-                options = strdup(strempty(mnt_fs_get_options(fs)));
-                if (!options)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        if (ret_fstype)
-                *ret_fstype = TAKE_PTR(fstype);
-        if (ret_options)
-                *ret_options = TAKE_PTR(options);
-
-        return 0;
 }
 
-int path_is_network_fs_harder(const char *path) {
+int path_is_network_fs_harder_at(int dir_fd, const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(dir_fd >= 0 || dir_fd == AT_FDCWD);
+
+        fd = xopenat(dir_fd, path, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = fd_is_network_fs(fd);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
         _cleanup_free_ char *fstype = NULL, *options = NULL;
-        int r, ret;
+        r = path_get_mount_info_at(fd, /* path = */ NULL, &fstype, &options);
-
-        assert(path);
-
-        ret = path_is_network_fs(path);
-        if (ret > 0)
-                return true;
-
-        r = path_get_mount_info(path, &fstype, &options);
         if (r < 0)
-                return RET_GATHER(ret, r);
+                return r;
 
         if (fstype_is_network(fstype))
                 return true;

src/shared/mount-util.h

@@ -181,4 +181,7 @@ int mount_credentials_fs(const char *path, size_t size, bool ro);
 
 int make_fsmount(int error_log_level, const char *what, const char *type, unsigned long flags, const char *options, int userns_fd);
 
-int path_is_network_fs_harder(const char *path);
+int path_is_network_fs_harder_at(int dir_fd, const char *path);
+static inline int path_is_network_fs_harder(const char *path) {
+        return path_is_network_fs_harder_at(AT_FDCWD, path);
+}

src/shared/varlink-io.systemd.Resolve.c

@@ -102,6 +102,15 @@ static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_STRUCT_TYPE(
                 SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(ifindex, SD_VARLINK_INT, SD_VARLINK_NULLABLE),
                 SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(name, SD_VARLINK_STRING, 0));
 
+static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_STRUCT_TYPE(
+                ServiceData,
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(add_flag, SD_VARLINK_BOOL, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(family, SD_VARLINK_INT, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(name, SD_VARLINK_STRING, SD_VARLINK_NULLABLE),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(type, SD_VARLINK_STRING, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(domain, SD_VARLINK_STRING, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_FIELD(interface, SD_VARLINK_INT, 0));
+
 static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_METHOD(
                 ResolveAddress,
                 SD_VARLINK_FIELD_COMMENT("The Linux interface index for the network interface to search on. Typically left unspecified, in order to search on all interfaces."),
@@ -159,6 +168,15 @@ static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_METHOD(
                 SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_OUTPUT_BY_TYPE(rrs, ResolvedRecord, SD_VARLINK_ARRAY),
                 SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_OUTPUT(flags, SD_VARLINK_INT, 0));
 
+static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_METHOD(
+                StartBrowse,
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INPUT(domainName, SD_VARLINK_STRING, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INPUT(name, SD_VARLINK_STRING, SD_VARLINK_NULLABLE),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INPUT(type, SD_VARLINK_STRING, SD_VARLINK_NULLABLE),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INPUT(ifindex, SD_VARLINK_INT, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INPUT(flags, SD_VARLINK_INT, 0),
+                SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_OUTPUT_BY_TYPE(browser_service_data, ServiceData, SD_VARLINK_ARRAY));
+
 static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_ERROR(NoNameServers);
 static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_ERROR(NoSuchResourceRecord);
 static SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_ERROR(QueryTimedOut);
@@ -198,6 +216,8 @@ SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INTERFACE(
                 &vl_method_ResolveService,
                 SD_VARLINK_SYMBOL_COMMENT("Resolves a domain name to one or more DNS resource records."),
                 &vl_method_ResolveRecord,
+                SD_VARLINK_SYMBOL_COMMENT("Starts browsing for mDNS services of specified type."),
+                &vl_method_StartBrowse,
                 SD_VARLINK_SYMBOL_COMMENT("Encapsulates a resolved address."),
                 &vl_type_ResolvedAddress,
                 SD_VARLINK_SYMBOL_COMMENT("Encapsulates a resolved host name."),
@@ -212,6 +232,7 @@ SD_VARLINK_DEFINE_INTERFACE(
                 &vl_type_ResourceRecord,
                 SD_VARLINK_SYMBOL_COMMENT("Encapsulates information about a resolved DNS resource record "),
                 &vl_type_ResolvedRecord,
+                &vl_type_ServiceData,
                 &vl_error_NoNameServers,
                 &vl_error_NoSuchResourceRecord,
                 &vl_error_QueryTimedOut,

src/test/test-mount-util.c

@@ -538,9 +538,53 @@ TEST(bind_mount_submounts) {
 }
 
 TEST(path_is_network_fs_harder) {
-        ASSERT_OK_ZERO(path_is_network_fs_harder("/dev"));
+        _cleanup_close_ int dir_fd = -EBADF;
-        ASSERT_OK_ZERO(path_is_network_fs_harder("/sys"));
+        int r;
-        ASSERT_OK_ZERO(path_is_network_fs_harder("/run"));
+
+        ASSERT_OK(dir_fd = open("/", O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC));
+        FOREACH_STRING(s,
+                       "/", "/dev/", "/proc/", "/run/", "/sys/", "/tmp/", "/usr/", "/var/tmp/",
+                       "", ".", "../../../", "/this/path/should/not/exist/for/test-mount-util/") {
+
+                r = path_is_network_fs_harder(s);
+                log_debug("path_is_network_fs_harder(%s) → %i: %s", s, r, r < 0 ? STRERROR(r) : yes_no(r));
+
+                const char *q = path_startswith(s, "/") ?: s;
+                r = path_is_network_fs_harder_at(dir_fd, q);
+                log_debug("path_is_network_fs_harder_at(root, %s) → %i: %s", q, r, r < 0 ? STRERROR(r) : yes_no(r));
+        }
+
+        if (geteuid() != 0 || have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) <= 0) {
+                (void) log_tests_skipped("not running privileged");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        _cleanup_(rm_rf_physical_and_freep) char *t = NULL;
+        assert_se(mkdtemp_malloc("/tmp/test-mount-util.path_is_network_fs_harder.XXXXXXX", &t) >= 0);
+
+        r = safe_fork("(make_mount-point)",
+                      FORK_RESET_SIGNALS |
+                      FORK_CLOSE_ALL_FDS |
+                      FORK_DEATHSIG_SIGTERM |
+                      FORK_WAIT |
+                      FORK_REOPEN_LOG |
+                      FORK_LOG |
+                      FORK_NEW_MOUNTNS |
+                      FORK_MOUNTNS_SLAVE,
+                      NULL);
+        ASSERT_OK(r);
+
+        if (r == 0) {
+                ASSERT_OK(mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_INFO, "tmpfs", t, "tmpfs", 0, NULL));
+                ASSERT_OK_ZERO(path_is_network_fs_harder(t));
+                ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(umount(t));
+
+                ASSERT_OK(mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_INFO, "tmpfs", t, "tmpfs", 0, "x-systemd-growfs,x-systemd-automount"));
+                ASSERT_OK_ZERO(path_is_network_fs_harder(t));
+                ASSERT_OK_ERRNO(umount(t));
+
+                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+        }
 }
 
 DEFINE_TEST_MAIN(LOG_DEBUG);

src/varlinkctl/varlinkctl.c

@@ -522,6 +522,7 @@ static int reply_callback(
         if (!arg_quiet)
                 sd_json_variant_dump(parameters, arg_json_format_flags, stdout, NULL);
 
+        fflush(stdout);
         return r;
 }
 

test/TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+all setup run clean clean-again:
+	@TEST_BASE_DIR=../ ./test.sh --$@
+
+.PHONY: all setup run clean clean-again

test/TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS/meson.build

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+integration_tests += [
+        integration_test_template + {
+                'name' : fs.name(meson.current_source_dir()),
+                'vm' : true,
+        },
+]

test/TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -e
+
+TEST_DESCRIPTION="Test for systemd-resolved's mDNS functionality"
+IMAGE_NAME="resolved-mdns"
+TEST_NO_NSPAWN=1
+
+# shellcheck source=test/test-functions
+. "${TEST_BASE_DIR:?}/test-functions"
+
+do_test "$@"

test/meson.build

@@ -142,11 +142,13 @@ endif
 ############################################################
 
 if install_tests
-        foreach script : ['integration-test-setup.sh', 'run-unit-tests.py']
+        install_data('run-unit-tests.py',
-                install_data(script,
+                     install_mode : 'rwxr-xr-x',
-                             install_mode : 'rwxr-xr-x',
+                     install_dir : testsdir)
-                             install_dir : testsdir)
+
-        endforeach
+        install_data('integration-test-setup.sh',
+                     install_mode : 'rwxr-xr-x',
+                     install_dir : testdata_dir)
 endif
 
 ############################################################
@@ -377,6 +379,7 @@ foreach dirname : [
         'TEST-84-STORAGETM',
         'TEST-85-NETWORK',
         'TEST-86-MULTI-PROFILE-UKI',
+        'TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS',
 ]
         subdir(dirname)
 endforeach

test/test-network/systemd-networkd-tests.py

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ show_journal = True # When true, show journal on stopping networkd.
 
 active_units = []
 protected_links = {
+    'br0',
     'erspan0',
     'gre0',
     'gretap0',

test/test.service.in

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ Before=getty-pre.target
 
 [Service]
 ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/integration-test-setup.sh setup
+ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/integration-test-setup.sh setup
 ExecStart=@command@
-ExecStopPost=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/integration-test-setup.sh finalize
+ExecStopPost=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/integration-test-setup.sh finalize
 Type=oneshot
 MemoryAccounting=@memory-accounting@
 StateDirectory=%N

test/units/TEST-07-PID1.private-pids.sh

@@ -132,10 +132,12 @@ testcase_unpriv() {
         return 0
     fi
 
-    # The kernel has a restriction for unprivileged user namespaces where they cannot mount a less restrictive
+    # IMPORTANT: For /proc/ to be remounted in pid namespace within an unprivileged user namespace, there needs to
-    # instance of /proc/. So if /proc/ is masked (e.g. /proc/kmsg is over-mounted with tmpfs as systemd-nspawn does),
+    # be at least 1 unmasked procfs mount in ANY directory. Otherwise, if /proc/ is masked (e.g. /proc/scsi is
-    # then mounting a new /proc/ will fail and we will still see the host's /proc/. Thus, to allow tests to run in
+    # over-mounted with tmpfs), then mounting a new /proc/ will fail.
-    # a VM or nspawn, we mount a new proc on a temporary directory with no masking to bypass this kernel restriction.
+    #
+    # Thus, to guarantee PrivatePIDs=yes tests for unprivileged users pass, we mount a new procfs on a temporary
+    # directory with no masking. This will guarantee an unprivileged user can mount a new /proc/ successfully.
     mkdir -p /tmp/TEST-07-PID1-private-pids-proc
     mount -t proc proc /tmp/TEST-07-PID1-private-pids-proc
 
@@ -146,7 +148,16 @@ testcase_unpriv() {
     umount /tmp/TEST-07-PID1-private-pids-proc
     rm -rf /tmp/TEST-07-PID1-private-pids-proc
 
-    # Now verify the behavior with masking - units should fail as PrivatePIDs=yes has no graceful fallback.
+    # Now we will mask /proc/ by mounting tmpfs over /proc/scsi. This will guarantee that mounting /proc/ will fail
+    # for unprivileged users when using PrivatePIDs=yes. Now units should fail as PrivatePIDs=yes has no graceful
+    # fallback.
+    #
+    # Note some kernels do not have /proc/scsi so we verify the directory exists prior to running the test.
+    if [ ! -d /proc/scsi ]; then
+        echo "/proc/scsi does not exist, skipping unprivileged PrivatePIDs=yes test with masked /proc/"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
     if [[ "$HAS_EXISTING_SCSI_MOUNT" == "no" ]]; then
         mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /proc/scsi
     fi

test/units/TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS.service

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+[Unit]
+Description=TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS
+
+[Service]
+ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
+ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
+Type=oneshot

test/units/TEST-87-RESOLVED-MDNS.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+
+SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT=10
+SERVICE_COUNT=20
+CONTAINER_ZONE="test-$RANDOM"
+CONTAINER_1="test-mdns-1"
+CONTAINER_2="test-mdns-2"
+
+# Prepare containers
+create_container() {
+    local container="${1:?}"
+    local stype sid svc
+
+    # Prepare container's /etc
+    #
+    # Since we also need the various test suite related dropins from the host's /etc,
+    # we'll overlay our customizations on top of that
+    mkdir -p "/var/lib/machines/$container/etc/systemd/dnssd"
+    # Create 20 test services for each service type (_testServiceX._udp) and number them sequentially,
+    # i.e. create services 0-19 for _testService0._udp, services 20-39 for _testService1._udp, and so on
+    for stype in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+        for sid in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_COUNT - 1))); do
+            svc=$((stype * SERVICE_COUNT + sid))
+
+            cat >"/var/lib/machines/$container/etc/systemd/dnssd/test-service-$container-$svc.dnssd" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Name=Test Service $svc on %H
+Type=_testService$stype._udp
+Port=24002
+TxtText=DC=Monitor PN=867313 SN=XZ051Z0051
+EOF
+        done
+    done
+
+    # To make things fast, spawn the container with a transient version of what's currently the host's
+    # rootfs, sans a couple of tweaks to make the container unique enough
+    mkdir -p "/run/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@$container.service.d"
+    cat >"/run/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@$container.service.d/override.conf" <<EOF
+[Service]
+ExecStart=
+ExecStart=systemd-nspawn --quiet --link-journal=try-guest --keep-unit --machine=%i --boot \
+                         --volatile=yes --directory=/ \
+                         --inaccessible=/etc/machine-id \
+                         --inaccessible=/etc/hostname \
+                         --resolv-conf=replace-stub \
+                         --network-zone=$CONTAINER_ZONE \
+                         --overlay=/etc:/var/lib/machines/$container/etc::/etc \
+                         --hostname=$container
+EOF
+}
+
+check_both() {
+    local service_id="${1:?}"
+    local result_file="${2:?}"
+
+    # We should get 20 services per container, 40 total
+    if [[ "$(wc -l <"$result_file")" -ge 40 ]]; then
+        # Check if the services we got are the correct ones
+        for i in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+            svc=$((service_id * SERVICE_COUNT + i))
+            if ! grep "Test Service $svc on $CONTAINER_1" "$result_file" || \
+               ! grep "Test Service $svc on $CONTAINER_2" "$result_file"; then
+                return 1
+            fi
+        done
+
+        # We got all records and all of them are what we expect
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    return 1
+}
+
+check_first() {
+    local service_id="${1:?}"
+    local result_file="${2:?}"
+
+    # We should get 20 services per container
+    if [[ "$(wc -l <"$result_file")" -ge 20 ]]; then
+        # Check if the services we got are the correct ones
+        for i in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+            svc=$((service_id * SERVICE_COUNT + i))
+            if ! grep "Test Service $svc on $CONTAINER_1" "$result_file"; then
+                return 1
+            fi
+            # This check assumes the second container is unreachable, so this shouldn't happen
+            if grep "Test Service $svc on $CONTAINER_2" "$result_file"; then
+                echo >&2 "Found a record from an unreachable container"
+                cat "$result_file"
+                exit 1
+            fi
+        done
+
+        # We got all records and all of them are what we expect
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    return 1
+}
+
+run_and_check_services() {
+    local service_id="${1:?}"
+    local check_func="${2:?}"
+    local unit_name="varlinkctl-$service_id-$SRANDOM.service"
+    local i out_file parameters service_type svc tmp_file
+
+    out_file="$(mktemp)"
+    error_file="$(mktemp)"
+    tmp_file="$(mktemp)"
+    service_type="_testService$service_id._udp"
+    parameters="{ \"domainName\": \"$service_type.local\", \"name\": \"\", \"type\": \"\", \"ifindex\": ${BRIDGE_INDEX:?}, \"flags\": 16785432 }"
+
+    systemd-run --unit="$unit_name" --service-type=exec -p StandardOutput="file:$out_file" -p StandardError="file:$error_file" \
+        varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.StartBrowse "$parameters"
+
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2064
+    # Note: unregister the trap once it's fired, otherwise it'll get propagated to functions that call this
+    #       one, *sigh*
+
+    trap "trap - RETURN; systemctl stop $unit_name" RETURN
+
+    for _ in {0..14}; do
+        # The response format, for reference (it's JSON-SEQ):
+        #
+        # {
+        #   "browser_service_data": [
+        #     {
+        #       "add_flag": true,
+        #       "family": 10,
+        #       "name": "Test Service 13 on test-mdns-1",
+        #       "type": "_testService0._udp",
+        #       "domain": "local",
+        #       "interface": 3
+        #     },
+        #     ...
+        #   ]
+        # }
+        if [[ -s "$out_file" ]]; then
+            # Extract the service name from each valid record...
+            # jq --slurp --raw-output \
+            #     ".[].browser_service_data[] | select(.add_flag == true and .type == \"$service_type\" and .family == 10).name" "$out_file" | sort | tee "$tmp_file"
+            grep -o '"name":"[^"]*"' "$out_file" | sed 's/"name":"//;s/"//g' | sort | tee "$tmp_file"
+	    # ...and compare them with what we expect
+            if "$check_func" "$service_id" "$tmp_file"; then
+                return 0
+            fi
+        fi
+
+        sleep 2
+    done
+
+    cat "$out_file"
+    cat "$error_file"
+    return 1
+}
+
+testcase_all_sequential() {
+    : "Test each service type (sequentially)"
+    resolvectl flush-caches
+    for id in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+        run_and_check_services "$id" check_both
+    done
+
+    echo testcase_end
+}
+
+testcase_all_parallel() {
+    : "Test each service type (in parallel)"
+    resolvectl flush-caches
+    for id in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+        run_and_check_services "$id" check_both &
+    done
+    wait
+}
+
+testcase_single_service_multiple_times() {
+    : "Test one service type multiple times"
+    resolvectl flush-caches
+    for _ in {0..4}; do
+        run_and_check_services 4 check_both
+    done
+}
+
+testcase_second_unreachable() {
+    : "Test each service type while the second container is unreachable"
+    resolvectl flush-caches
+    systemd-run -M "$CONTAINER_2" --wait --pipe -- networkctl down host0
+    for id in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+        run_and_check_services "$id" check_first
+    done
+
+
+    : "Test each service type after bringing the second container back up again"
+    systemd-run -M "$CONTAINER_2" --wait --pipe -- networkctl up host0
+    systemd-run -M "$CONTAINER_2" --wait --pipe -- \
+        /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-networkd-wait-online --ipv4 --ipv6 --interface=host0 --operational-state=degraded --timeout=30
+    for id in $(seq 0 $((SERVICE_TYPE_COUNT - 1))); do
+        run_and_check_services "$id" check_both
+    done
+}
+
+: "Setup host & containers"
+# Note: create the drop-in intentionally under /run/ and copy it manually into the containers
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/
+cat >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/99-mdns-llmnr.conf <<EOF
+[Resolve]
+MulticastDNS=yes
+LLMNR=yes
+EOF
+
+systemctl unmask systemd-resolved.service systemd-networkd.{service,socket} systemd-machined.service
+systemctl enable --now systemd-resolved.service systemd-networkd.{socket,service} systemd-machined.service
+ln -svrf /run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/99-mdns-llmnr.conf /etc/resolv.conf
+systemctl reload systemd-resolved.service systemd-networkd.service
+
+for container in "$CONTAINER_1" "$CONTAINER_2"; do
+    create_container "$container"
+    mkdir -p "/var/lib/machines/$container/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/"
+    cp /run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/99-mdns-llmnr.conf "/var/lib/machines/$container/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/"
+    touch "/var/lib/machines/$container/etc/hostname"
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    machinectl start "$container"
+    # Wait for the system bus to start...
+    timeout 30s bash -xec "while ! systemd-run -M '$container' --wait --pipe true; do sleep 1; done"
+    # ...and from there wait for the machine bootup to finish. We don't really care if the container
+    # boots up in a degraded state, hence the `:`
+    timeout 30s systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- systemctl --wait is-system-running || :
+    # Wait until the veth interface is configured and turn on mDNS and LLMNR
+    systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- \
+        /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-networkd-wait-online --ipv4 --ipv6 --interface=host0 --operational-state=degraded --timeout=30
+    systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- resolvectl mdns host0 yes
+    systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- resolvectl llmnr host0 yes
+    systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- networkctl status --no-pager
+    systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- resolvectl status --no-pager
+    [[ "$(systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- resolvectl mdns host0)" =~ :\ yes$ ]]
+    [[ "$(systemd-run -M "$container" --wait --pipe -- resolvectl llmnr host0)" =~ :\ yes$ ]]
+done
+
+BRIDGE_INDEX="$(<"/sys/class/net/vz-$CONTAINER_ZONE/ifindex")"
+machinectl list
+resolvectl mdns "vz-$CONTAINER_ZONE" on
+resolvectl llmnr "vz-$CONTAINER_ZONE" on
+networkctl status
+resolvectl status
+
+# Run the actual test cases (functions prefixed by testcase_)
+run_testcases
+
+touch /testok