Add support for BPF tokens (#36134 )

Add a new option `PrivateBPF=` to mount a private instance of bpffs. Add also four configuration options `BPFDelegate{Commands,Maps,Programs,Attachments}=` which set the corresponding bpffs mount options in order to create BPF tokens: https://lwn.net/Articles/947173/ Closes#35108.
core: add options to delegate BPFFS token creation
2025-10-08 13:14:45 +02:00 · 2025-07-09 15:12:22 +09:00 · 2025-07-08 22:35:29 +02:00 · 2025-07-08 22:33:28 +02:00 · 2025-07-08 18:23:46 +02:00 · 2025-07-08 18:23:46 +02:00
23 changed files with 1007 additions and 80 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/linter.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linter.yml
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: systemd/mkosi@0d1143150835b21c1bfe64428df5f45b558280b1

      - name: Check that tabs are not used in Python code
-        run: sh -c '! git grep -P "\\t" -- src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py'
+        run: sh -c '! git grep -P "\\t" -- src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py'

      - name: Build tools tree
        run: |
@ -56,20 +56,20 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run mypy
        run: |
          mkosi sandbox -- mypy --version
-          mkosi sandbox -- mypy src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
+          mkosi sandbox -- mypy src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py

      - name: Run ruff check
        run: |
          mkosi sandbox -- ruff --version
-          mkosi sandbox -- ruff check src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
+          mkosi sandbox -- ruff check src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py

      - name: Run ruff format
        run: |
          mkosi sandbox -- ruff --version
-          if ! mkosi sandbox -- ruff format --check src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
+          if ! mkosi sandbox -- ruff format --check src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
          then
              echo "Please run 'ruff format' on the above files or apply the diffs below manually"
-              mkosi sandbox -- ruff format --check --quiet --diff src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
+              mkosi sandbox -- ruff format --check --quiet --diff src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py src/boot/generate-hwids-section.py src/test/generate-sym-test.py src/ukify/ukify.py test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
          fi

      - name: Configure meson
--- a/man/meson.build
+++ b/man/meson.build
@ -35,6 +35,17 @@ custom_entities_ent = custom_target(

 man_page_depends += custom_entities_ent

+generate_bpf_delegate_configs = find_program('../src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py')
+
+bpf_delegate_xml = custom_target(
+        input : files('../src/basic/include/linux/bpf.h'),
+        output : 'bpf-delegate.xml',
+        command : [generate_bpf_delegate_configs,
+                   'doc',
+                   '@INPUT@'],
+        capture : true)
+man_page_depends += bpf_delegate_xml
+
 man_pages = []
 html_pages = []
 source_xml_files = []
--- a/man/org.freedesktop.systemd1.xml
+++ b/man/org.freedesktop.systemd1.xml
@ -3374,6 +3374,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/avahi_2ddaemon_2eservice {
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly (ss) ProtectHostnameEx = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s PrivateBPF = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateCommands = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateMaps = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegatePrograms = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateAttachments = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly b MemoryKSM = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s NetworkNamespacePath = '...';
@ -3975,6 +3985,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/avahi_2ddaemon_2eservice {

    <!--property ProcSubset is not documented!-->

+    <!--property PrivateBPF is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateCommands is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateMaps is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegatePrograms is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateAttachments is not documented!-->
+
    <!--property MemoryKSM is not documented!-->

    <!--property NetworkNamespacePath is not documented!-->
@ -4701,6 +4721,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/avahi_2ddaemon_2eservice {

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="ProtectHostnameEx"/>

+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="PrivateBPF"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateCommands"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateMaps"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegatePrograms"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateAttachments"/>
+
    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="MemoryKSM"/>

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="NetworkNamespacePath"/>
@ -5583,6 +5613,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/avahi_2ddaemon_2esocket {
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly (ss) ProtectHostnameEx = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s PrivateBPF = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateCommands = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateMaps = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegatePrograms = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateAttachments = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly b MemoryKSM = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s NetworkNamespacePath = '...';
@ -6204,6 +6244,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/avahi_2ddaemon_2esocket {

    <!--property ProcSubset is not documented!-->

+    <!--property PrivateBPF is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateCommands is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateMaps is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegatePrograms is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateAttachments is not documented!-->
+
    <!--property MemoryKSM is not documented!-->

    <!--property NetworkNamespacePath is not documented!-->
@ -6910,6 +6960,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/avahi_2ddaemon_2esocket {

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="ProtectHostnameEx"/>

+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="PrivateBPF"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateCommands"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateMaps"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegatePrograms"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateAttachments"/>
+
    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="MemoryKSM"/>

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="NetworkNamespacePath"/>
@ -7616,6 +7676,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/home_2emount {
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly (ss) ProtectHostnameEx = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s PrivateBPF = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateCommands = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateMaps = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegatePrograms = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateAttachments = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly b MemoryKSM = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s NetworkNamespacePath = '...';
@ -8159,6 +8229,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/home_2emount {

    <!--property ProcSubset is not documented!-->

+    <!--property PrivateBPF is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateCommands is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateMaps is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegatePrograms is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateAttachments is not documented!-->
+
    <!--property MemoryKSM is not documented!-->

    <!--property NetworkNamespacePath is not documented!-->
@ -8773,6 +8853,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/home_2emount {

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="ProtectHostnameEx"/>

+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="PrivateBPF"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateCommands"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateMaps"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegatePrograms"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateAttachments"/>
+
    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="MemoryKSM"/>

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="NetworkNamespacePath"/>
@ -9612,6 +9702,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/dev_2dsda3_2eswap {
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly (ss) ProtectHostnameEx = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s PrivateBPF = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateCommands = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateMaps = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegatePrograms = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
+      readonly s BPFDelegateAttachments = '...';
+      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly b MemoryKSM = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s NetworkNamespacePath = '...';
@ -10137,6 +10237,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/dev_2dsda3_2eswap {

    <!--property ProcSubset is not documented!-->

+    <!--property PrivateBPF is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateCommands is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateMaps is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegatePrograms is not documented!-->
+
+    <!--property BPFDelegateAttachments is not documented!-->
+
    <!--property MemoryKSM is not documented!-->

    <!--property NetworkNamespacePath is not documented!-->
@ -10733,6 +10843,16 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/dev_2dsda3_2eswap {

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="ProtectHostnameEx"/>

+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="PrivateBPF"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateCommands"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateMaps"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegatePrograms"/>
+
+    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="BPFDelegateAttachments"/>
+
    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="MemoryKSM"/>

    <variablelist class="dbus-property" generated="True" extra-ref="NetworkNamespacePath"/>
@ -12316,6 +12436,11 @@ $ gdbus introspect --system --dest org.freedesktop.systemd1 \
      <varname>PrivatePIDs</varname> were added in version 257.</para>
      <para><varname>ProtectHostnameEx</varname>,
      <varname>DelegateNamespaces</varname>,
+      <varname>PrivateBPF</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateCommands</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateMaps</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegatePrograms</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateAttachments</varname>,
      <function>RemoveSubGroup()</function>,
      <varname>StateDirectoryQuota</varname>,
      <varname>StateDirectoryQuotaUsage</varname>,
@ -12374,6 +12499,11 @@ $ gdbus introspect --system --dest org.freedesktop.systemd1 \
      <varname>PassPIDFD</varname>,
      <varname>AcceptFileDescriptors</varname>,
      <varname>DelegateNamespaces</varname>,
+      <varname>PrivateBPF</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateCommands</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateMaps</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegatePrograms</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateAttachments</varname>,
      <function>RemoveSubgroup()</function>,
      <varname>DeferTrigger</varname>,
      <varname>DeferTriggerMaxUSec</varname>,
@ -12429,6 +12559,11 @@ $ gdbus introspect --system --dest org.freedesktop.systemd1 \
      <varname>PrivatePIDs</varname> were added in version 257.</para>
      <para><varname>ProtectHostnameEx</varname>,
      <varname>DelegateNamespaces</varname>,
+      <varname>PrivateBPF</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateCommands</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateMaps</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegatePrograms</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateAttachments</varname>,
      <function>RemoveSubgroup()</function>,
      <varname>ReloadResult</varname>,
      <varname>CleanResult</varname>,
@ -12484,6 +12619,11 @@ $ gdbus introspect --system --dest org.freedesktop.systemd1 \
      <varname>PrivatePIDs</varname> were added in version 257.</para>
      <para><varname>ProtectHostnameEx</varname>,
      <varname>DelegateNamespaces</varname>,
+      <varname>PrivateBPF</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateCommands</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateMaps</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegatePrograms</varname>,
+      <varname>BPFDelegateAttachments</varname>,
      <function>RemoveSubgroup()</function>,
      <varname>StateDirectoryQuota</varname>,
      <varname>StateDirectoryQuotaUsage</varname>,
--- a/man/systemd.exec.xml
+++ b/man/systemd.exec.xml
@ -2555,6 +2555,66 @@ RestrictNamespaces=~cgroup net</programlisting>
        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>PrivateBPF=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If set, mount a private instance of the BPF filesystem
+        on <filename>/sys/fs/bpf/</filename>. Otherwise, if <varname>ProtectKernelTunables=</varname> is set,
+        the instance from the host is inherited but mounted read-only. Defaults to false.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>BPFDelegateCommands=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Accepts a list of BPF commands to allow or <literal>any</literal> to allow everything.
+        Defaults to none. The accepted values are:
+        <xi:include href="bpf-delegate.xml" xpointer="bpf_delegate_cmd"/>
+        Requires <varname>PrivateBPF=</varname> enabled to be effective.
+        This will set the <constant>delegate_cmds</constant> bpffs mount option.
+        A more detailed explanation of the feature can be found in this
+        <ulink url="https://lwn.net/Articles/947173/">LWN post</ulink>.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>BPFDelegateMaps=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Accepts a list of BPF maps to allow or <literal>any</literal> to allow everything.
+        Defaults to none. The accepted values are:
+        <xi:include href="bpf-delegate.xml" xpointer="bpf_delegate_map_type"/>
+        This will set the <constant>delegate_maps</constant> bpffs mount option.
+        See <varname>BPFDelegateCommands=</varname> for dependencies and more details.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>BPFDelegatePrograms=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Accepts a list of BPF programs to allow or <literal>any</literal> to allow everything.
+        Defaults to none. The accepted values are:
+        <xi:include href="bpf-delegate.xml" xpointer="bpf_delegate_prog_type"/>
+        This will set the <constant>delegate_progs</constant> bpffs mount option.
+        See <varname>BPFDelegateCommands=</varname> for dependencies and more details.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>BPFDelegateAttachments=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Accepts a list of BPF attach points to allow or <literal>any</literal> to allow everything.
+        Defaults to none. The accepted values are:
+        <xi:include href="bpf-delegate.xml" xpointer="bpf_delegate_attach_type"/>
+        This will set the <constant>delegate_attachs</constant> bpffs mount option.
+        See <varname>BPFDelegateCommands=</varname> for dependencies and more details.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>LockPersonality=</varname></term>

--- a/src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py
+++ b/src/basic/generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+# Convert the bpf_{cmd,map_type,prog_type,attach_type} enums into a string
+# array to be used as configuration options
+
+import re
+import sys
+
+
+def print_usage_and_exit() -> None:
+    print(f'Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <code|doc> <header>')
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 3:
+    print_usage_and_exit()
+
+output = sys.argv[1]
+header = sys.argv[2]
+
+if output not in ['code', 'doc']:
+    print(f'Invalid format: {format}')
+    print_usage_and_exit()
+
+with open(header) as file:
+    inEnum = False
+    enumValues: list[str] = []
+    enumName = ''
+
+    if output == 'doc':
+        print("""\
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!DOCTYPE bpf-delegates PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
+<para>
+""")
+
+    for line in file:
+        line = line.strip()
+
+        if inEnum:
+            # Inside an enum definition
+            if re.match(r'^\s*}', line):
+                # End of an enum definition
+                inEnum = False
+                # Print the enum values as a static const char* array
+                if output == 'code':
+                    print(f'static const char* const {enumName}_table[] = {{')
+                else:
+                    print(f'<para id="{enumName}">')
+                for enumValue in enumValues:
+                    words = enumValue.split('_')
+                    enumValue = words[0] + ''.join(word.capitalize() for word in words[1:])
+                    if output == 'code':
+                        print(f'\t"{enumValue}",')
+                    else:
+                        print(f'<literal>{enumValue}</literal>')
+                if output == 'code':
+                    print('};')
+                else:
+                    print('</para>')
+                enumValues = []
+            else:
+                # Collect enum values
+                match = re.fullmatch(r'(\w+)\b,', line)
+                if match and len(match.groups()) > 0 and not match[1].startswith('__'):
+                    enumValues.append(match[1])
+        elif match := re.match(r'^\s*enum\s+bpf_(cmd|map_type|prog_type|attach_type)+\s*{', line):
+            # Start of a new enum
+            inEnum = True
+            enumName = 'bpf_delegate_' + match[1]
+
+    if output == 'doc':
+        print('</para>')
--- a/src/basic/meson.build
+++ b/src/basic/meson.build
@ -273,8 +273,17 @@ filesystem_switch_case_inc = custom_target(
                   '@INPUT@'],
        capture : true)

-generated_sources += [filesystem_list_inc, filesystem_switch_case_inc, filesystems_gperf_h]
-basic_sources += [filesystem_list_inc, filesystem_switch_case_inc, filesystems_gperf_h]
+generate_bpf_delegate_configs = find_program('generate-bpf-delegate-configs.py')
+bpf_delegate_configs_inc = custom_target(
+        input : files('include/linux/bpf.h'),
+        output : 'bpf-delegate-configs.inc',
+        command : [generate_bpf_delegate_configs,
+                   'code',
+                   '@INPUT@'],
+        capture : true)
+
+generated_sources += [filesystem_list_inc, filesystem_switch_case_inc, filesystems_gperf_h, bpf_delegate_configs_inc]
+basic_sources += [filesystem_list_inc, filesystem_switch_case_inc, filesystems_gperf_h, bpf_delegate_configs_inc]

 libbasic_static = static_library(
        'basic',
--- a/src/core/dbus-execute.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_exec_preserve_mode, exec_preserve_
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_keyring_mode, exec_keyring_mode, ExecKeyringMode);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_protect_proc, protect_proc, ProtectProc);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_proc_subset, proc_subset, ProcSubset);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_private_bpf, private_bpf, PrivateBPF);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_protect_home, protect_home, ProtectHome);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_protect_system, protect_system, ProtectSystem);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_personality, personality, unsigned long);
@ -1133,6 +1134,90 @@ static int property_get_unsigned_as_uint16(
        return sd_bus_message_append_basic(reply, 'q', &q);
 }

+static int property_get_bpf_delegate_commands(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(reply);
+
+        s = bpf_delegate_commands_to_string(*u);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", s);
+}
+
+static int property_get_bpf_delegate_maps(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(reply);
+
+        s = bpf_delegate_maps_to_string(*u);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", s);
+}
+
+static int property_get_bpf_delegate_programs(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(reply);
+
+        s = bpf_delegate_programs_to_string(*u);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", s);
+}
+
+static int property_get_bpf_delegate_attachments(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(reply);
+
+        s = bpf_delegate_attachments_to_string(*u);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", s);
+}
+
 const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Environment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
@ -1316,6 +1401,11 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProcSubset", "s", property_get_proc_subset, offsetof(ExecContext, proc_subset), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectHostname", "b", property_get_protect_hostname, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_hostname), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectHostnameEx", "(ss)", property_get_protect_hostname_ex, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateBPF", "s", property_get_private_bpf, offsetof(ExecContext, private_bpf), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BPFDelegateCommands", "s", property_get_bpf_delegate_commands, offsetof(ExecContext, bpf_delegate_commands), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BPFDelegateMaps", "s", property_get_bpf_delegate_maps, offsetof(ExecContext, bpf_delegate_maps), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BPFDelegatePrograms", "s", property_get_bpf_delegate_programs, offsetof(ExecContext, bpf_delegate_programs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BPFDelegateAttachments", "s", property_get_bpf_delegate_attachments, offsetof(ExecContext, bpf_delegate_attachments), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryKSM", "b", bus_property_get_tristate, offsetof(ExecContext, memory_ksm), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NetworkNamespacePath", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, network_namespace_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IPCNamespacePath", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, ipc_namespace_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
@ -1753,6 +1843,11 @@ static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(protect_home, ProtectHome, protect_home_fr
 static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(keyring_mode, ExecKeyringMode, exec_keyring_mode_from_string);
 static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(protect_proc, ProtectProc, protect_proc_from_string);
 static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(proc_subset, ProcSubset, proc_subset_from_string);
+static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(private_bpf, PrivateBPF, private_bpf_from_string);
+static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE_PTR(bpf_delegate_commands, uint64_t, bpf_delegate_commands_from_string);
+static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE_PTR(bpf_delegate_maps, uint64_t, bpf_delegate_maps_from_string);
+static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE_PTR(bpf_delegate_programs, uint64_t, bpf_delegate_programs_from_string);
+static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE_PTR(bpf_delegate_attachments, uint64_t, bpf_delegate_attachments_from_string);
 BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(exec_preserve_mode, ExecPreserveMode, exec_preserve_mode_from_string);
 static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE_PTR(personality, unsigned long, parse_personality);
 static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_TO_STRING_ALLOC(secure_bits, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, secure_bits_to_string_alloc_with_check);
@ -2279,6 +2374,21 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
        if (streq(name, "ProcSubset"))
                return bus_set_transient_proc_subset(u, name, &c->proc_subset, message, flags, error);

+        if (streq(name, "PrivateBPF"))
+                return bus_set_transient_private_bpf(u, name, &c->private_bpf, message, flags, error);
+
+        if (streq(name, "BPFDelegateCommands"))
+                return bus_set_transient_bpf_delegate_commands(u, name, &c->bpf_delegate_commands, message, flags, error);
+
+        if (streq(name, "BPFDelegateMaps"))
+                return bus_set_transient_bpf_delegate_maps(u, name, &c->bpf_delegate_maps, message, flags, error);
+
+        if (streq(name, "BPFDelegatePrograms"))
+                return bus_set_transient_bpf_delegate_programs(u, name, &c->bpf_delegate_programs, message, flags, error);
+
+        if (streq(name, "BPFDelegateAttachments"))
+                return bus_set_transient_bpf_delegate_attachments(u, name, &c->bpf_delegate_attachments, message, flags, error);
+
        if (streq(name, "RuntimeDirectoryPreserve"))
                return bus_set_transient_exec_preserve_mode(u, name, &c->runtime_directory_preserve_mode, message, flags, error);

--- a/src/core/exec-invoke.c
+++ b/src/core/exec-invoke.c
@ -2234,6 +2234,131 @@ static int build_pass_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***ret) {
        return 0;
 }

+static int setup_private_users_child(int unshare_ready_fd, const char *uid_map, const char *gid_map, bool allow_setgroups) {
+        int r;
+
+        /* Child process, running in the original user namespace. Let's update the parent's UID/GID map from
+         * here, after the parent opened its own user namespace. */
+
+        pid_t ppid = getppid();
+
+        /* Wait until the parent unshared the user namespace */
+        uint64_t c;
+        if (read(unshare_ready_fd, &c, sizeof(c)) < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to read from signaling eventfd: %m");
+
+        /* Disable the setgroups() system call in the child user namespace, for good, unless PrivateUsers=full
+         * and using the system service manager. */
+        const char *a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "setgroups");
+        const char *setgroups = allow_setgroups ? "allow" : "deny";
+        r = write_string_file(a, setgroups, WRITE_STRING_FILE_DISABLE_BUFFER);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to write '%s' to %s: %m", setgroups, a);
+
+        /* First write the GID map */
+        a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "gid_map");
+        r = write_string_file(a, gid_map, WRITE_STRING_FILE_DISABLE_BUFFER);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to write GID map to %s: %m", a);
+
+        /* Then write the UID map */
+        a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "uid_map");
+        r = write_string_file(a, uid_map, WRITE_STRING_FILE_DISABLE_BUFFER);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to write UID map to %s: %m", a);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bpffs_prepare(
+                const ExecContext *c,
+                PidRef *ret_pid,
+                int *ret_sock_fd,
+                int *ret_errno_pipe) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_pair_ int socket_fds[2] = EBADF_PAIR, bpffs_errno_pipe[2] = EBADF_PAIR;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret_sock_fd);
+        assert(ret_pid);
+        assert(ret_errno_pipe);
+
+        r = pipe2(bpffs_errno_pipe, O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to create pipe: %m");
+
+        r = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, socket_fds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to create socket pair: %m");
+
+        r = pidref_safe_fork("(sd-bpffs)", FORK_RESET_SIGNALS|FORK_DEATHSIG_SIGKILL, ret_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to fork bpffs privileged helper: %m");
+        if (r == 0) {
+                _cleanup_close_ int fs_fd = -EBADF;
+                char number[STRLEN("0x") + sizeof(c->bpf_delegate_commands) * 2 + 1];
+
+                bpffs_errno_pipe[0] = safe_close(bpffs_errno_pipe[0]);
+                socket_fds[0] = safe_close(socket_fds[0]);
+
+                fs_fd = receive_one_fd(socket_fds[1], /* flags = */ 0);
+                if (fs_fd < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(fs_fd, "Failed to receive file descriptor from parent: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], fs_fd);
+                }
+
+                xsprintf(number, "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_commands);
+
+                r = fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "delegate_cmds", number, /* aux = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to FSCONFIG_SET_STRING: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], errno);
+                }
+
+                xsprintf(number, "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_maps);
+
+                r = fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "delegate_maps", number, /* aux = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to FSCONFIG_SET_STRING: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], errno);
+                }
+
+                xsprintf(number, "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_programs);
+
+                r = fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "delegate_progs", number, /* aux = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to FSCONFIG_SET_STRING: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], errno);
+                }
+
+                xsprintf(number, "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_attachments);
+
+                r = fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "delegate_attachs", number, /* aux = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to FSCONFIG_SET_STRING: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], errno);
+                }
+
+                r = fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, /* key = */ NULL, /* value = */ NULL, /* aux = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to create bpffs superblock: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], errno);
+                }
+
+                if (write(socket_fds[1], (uint8_t[1]) {}, 1) < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to send data to child: %m");
+                        report_errno_and_exit(bpffs_errno_pipe[1], errno);
+                }
+
+                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        *ret_sock_fd = TAKE_FD(socket_fds[0]);
+        *ret_errno_pipe = TAKE_FD(bpffs_errno_pipe[0]);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 static int setup_private_users(PrivateUsers private_users, uid_t ouid, gid_t ogid, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool allow_setgroups) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *uid_map = NULL, *gid_map = NULL;
        _cleanup_close_pair_ int errno_pipe[2] = EBADF_PAIR;
@ -2339,69 +2464,10 @@ static int setup_private_users(PrivateUsers private_users, uid_t ouid, gid_t ogi
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0) {
-                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
-                const char *a;
-                pid_t ppid;
-
-                /* Child process, running in the original user namespace. Let's update the parent's UID/GID map from
-                 * here, after the parent opened its own user namespace. */
-
-                ppid = getppid();
                errno_pipe[0] = safe_close(errno_pipe[0]);
-
-                /* Wait until the parent unshared the user namespace */
-                if (read(unshare_ready_fd, &c, sizeof(c)) < 0)
-                        report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], -errno);
-
-                /* Disable the setgroups() system call in the child user namespace, for good, unless PrivateUsers=full
-                 * and using the system service manager. */
-                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "setgroups");
-                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
-                if (fd < 0) {
-                        if (errno != ENOENT) {
-                                r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", a);
-                                report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], r);
-                        }
-
-                        /* If the file is missing the kernel is too old, let's continue anyway. */
-                } else {
-                        const char *setgroups = allow_setgroups ? "allow\n" : "deny\n";
-                        if (write(fd, setgroups, strlen(setgroups)) < 0) {
-                                r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to write '%s' to %s: %m", setgroups, a);
-                                report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], r);
-                        }
-
-                        fd = safe_close(fd);
-                }
-
-                /* First write the GID map */
-                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "gid_map");
-                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
-                if (fd < 0) {
-                        r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", a);
+                r = setup_private_users_child(unshare_ready_fd, uid_map, gid_map, allow_setgroups);
+                if (r < 0)
                        report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], r);
-                }
-
-                if (write(fd, gid_map, strlen(gid_map)) < 0) {
-                        r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to write GID map to %s: %m", a);
-                        report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], r);
-                }
-
-                fd = safe_close(fd);
-
-                /* The write the UID map */
-                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "uid_map");
-                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
-                if (fd < 0) {
-                        r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", a);
-                        report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], r);
-                }
-
-                if (write(fd, uid_map, strlen(uid_map)) < 0) {
-                        r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to write UID map to %s: %m", a);
-                        report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe[1], r);
-                }
-
                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

@ -3623,9 +3689,10 @@ static int apply_mount_namespace(
                ExecRuntime *runtime,
                const char *memory_pressure_path,
                bool needs_sandboxing,
-                char **reterr_path,
                uid_t exec_directory_uid,
-                gid_t exec_directory_gid) {
+                gid_t exec_directory_gid,
+                int bpffs_socket_fd,
+                char **reterr_path) {

        _cleanup_(verity_settings_done) VeritySettings verity = VERITY_SETTINGS_DEFAULT;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **empty_directories = NULL, **symlinks = NULL,
@ -3837,6 +3904,9 @@ static int apply_mount_namespace(
                .protect_system = needs_sandboxing ? context->protect_system : PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO,
                .protect_proc = needs_sandboxing ? context->protect_proc : PROTECT_PROC_DEFAULT,
                .proc_subset = needs_sandboxing ? context->proc_subset : PROC_SUBSET_ALL,
+                .private_bpf = needs_sandboxing ? context->private_bpf : PRIVATE_BPF_NO,
+
+                .bpffs_socket_fd = bpffs_socket_fd,
        };

        r = setup_namespace(&parameters, reterr_path);
@ -4477,6 +4547,7 @@ static int setup_delegated_namespaces(
                const ExecCommand *command,
                bool needs_sandboxing,
                bool have_cap_sys_admin,
+                int bpffs_socket_fd,
                int *reterr_exit_status) {

        int r;
@ -4597,9 +4668,10 @@ static int setup_delegated_namespaces(
                                          runtime,
                                          memory_pressure_path,
                                          needs_sandboxing,
-                                          &error_path,
                                          uid,
-                                          gid);
+                                          gid,
+                                          bpffs_socket_fd,
+                                          &error_path);
                if (r < 0) {
                        *reterr_exit_status = EXIT_NAMESPACE;
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set up mount namespacing%s%s: %m",
@ -4934,7 +5006,9 @@ int exec_invoke(
        _cleanup_free_ gid_t *gids = NULL, *gids_after_pam = NULL;
        int ngids = 0, ngids_after_pam = 0;
        int socket_fd = -EBADF, named_iofds[3] = EBADF_TRIPLET;
+        _cleanup_close_ int bpffs_socket_fd = -EBADF, bpffs_errno_pipe = -EBADF;
        size_t n_storage_fds, n_socket_fds, n_extra_fds;
+        _cleanup_(pidref_done_sigkill_wait) PidRef bpffs_pidref = PIDREF_NULL;

        assert(command);
        assert(context);
@ -5650,6 +5724,26 @@ int exec_invoke(
                }
        }

+        if (context->private_bpf != PRIVATE_BPF_NO) {
+                /* To create a BPF token, the bpffs has to be mounted with the fsopen()/fsmount() API.
+                 * More specifically, fsopen() must be called within the user namespace, then all the
+                 * fsconfig() as privileged user, and finally and fsmount() and move_mount() in
+                 * the user namespace.
+                 * To do this, we split the code into a bpffs_prepare() and mount_bpffs() functions,
+                 * the first runs as privileged user the second as unprivileged one, and they coordinate
+                 * by sending messages and file descriptors via a socket pair.
+                 * The user and mount namespaces need to be unshared in this exact order and before
+                 * the fsopen() call for the fsopen() API to work as unprivileged.
+                 * This is the kernel sample doing this:
+                 * https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/token.c
+                 */
+                r = bpffs_prepare(context, &bpffs_pidref, &bpffs_socket_fd, &bpffs_errno_pipe);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_BPF;
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mount bpffs in bpffs_prepare(): %m");
+                }
+        }
+
        if (needs_sandboxing && !have_cap_sys_admin && exec_needs_cap_sys_admin(context, params)) {
                /* If we're unprivileged, set up the user namespace first to enable use of the other namespaces.
                 * Users with CAP_SYS_ADMIN can set up user namespaces last because they will be able to
@ -5688,6 +5782,7 @@ int exec_invoke(
                        command,
                        needs_sandboxing,
                        have_cap_sys_admin,
+                        bpffs_socket_fd,
                        exit_status);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
@ -5747,10 +5842,30 @@ int exec_invoke(
                        command,
                        needs_sandboxing,
                        have_cap_sys_admin,
+                        bpffs_socket_fd,
                        exit_status);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

+        if (context->private_bpf != PRIVATE_BPF_NO) {
+                r = pidref_wait_for_terminate_and_check("(sd-bpffs)", &bpffs_pidref, /* flags = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_BPF;
+                        return r;
+                }
+                /* If something strange happened with the child, let's consider this fatal, too */
+                if (r != EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_BPF;
+                        ssize_t ss = read(bpffs_errno_pipe, &r, sizeof(r));
+                        if (ss == sizeof(r))
+                                return log_debug_errno(r, "bpffs helper exited with error: %m");
+                        if (ss < 0)
+                                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to read from the bpffs helper errno pipe: %m");
+                        return log_debug_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Short read from the bpffs helper errno pipe.");
+                }
+                pidref_done(&bpffs_pidref);
+        }
+
        if (needs_sandboxing && exec_needs_cgroup_namespace(context) && params->cgroup_path) {
                /* Move ourselves into the subcgroup now *after* we've unshared the cgroup namespace, which
                 * ensures the root of the cgroup namespace is the top level service cgroup and not the
--- a/src/core/execute-serialize.c
+++ b/src/core/execute-serialize.c
@ -1803,6 +1803,34 @@ static int exec_context_serialize(const ExecContext *c, FILE *f) {
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

+        r = serialize_item(f, "exec-context-private-bpf", private_bpf_to_string(c->private_bpf));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (c->bpf_delegate_commands != 0) {
+                r = serialize_item_format(f, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-commands", "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_commands);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (c->bpf_delegate_maps != 0) {
+                r = serialize_item_format(f, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-maps", "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_maps);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (c->bpf_delegate_programs != 0) {
+                r = serialize_item_format(f, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-programs", "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_programs);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (c->bpf_delegate_attachments != 0) {
+                r = serialize_item_format(f, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-attachments", "0x%"PRIx64, c->bpf_delegate_attachments);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
        r = serialize_item(f, "exec-context-runtime-directory-preserve-mode", exec_preserve_mode_to_string(c->runtime_directory_preserve_mode));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
@ -2741,6 +2769,26 @@ static int exec_context_deserialize(ExecContext *c, FILE *f) {
                        c->proc_subset = proc_subset_from_string(val);
                        if (c->proc_subset < 0)
                                return -EINVAL;
+                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-context-private-bpf="))) {
+                        c->private_bpf = private_bpf_from_string(val);
+                        if (c->private_bpf < 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-commands="))) {
+                        r = safe_atoux64(val, &c->bpf_delegate_commands);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-maps="))) {
+                        r = safe_atoux64(val, &c->bpf_delegate_maps);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-programs="))) {
+                        r = safe_atoux64(val, &c->bpf_delegate_programs);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-context-bpf-delegate-attachments="))) {
+                        r = safe_atoux64(val, &c->bpf_delegate_attachments);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-context-runtime-directory-preserve-mode="))) {
                        c->runtime_directory_preserve_mode = exec_preserve_mode_from_string(val);
                        if (c->runtime_directory_preserve_mode < 0)
--- a/src/core/execute.c
+++ b/src/core/execute.c
@ -324,6 +324,7 @@ bool exec_needs_mount_namespace(
            exec_needs_cgroup_mount(context) ||
            context->protect_proc != PROTECT_PROC_DEFAULT ||
            context->proc_subset != PROC_SUBSET_ALL ||
+            context->private_bpf != PRIVATE_BPF_NO ||
            exec_needs_ipc_namespace(context) ||
            exec_needs_pid_namespace(context, params))
                return true;
@ -1124,7 +1125,8 @@ void exec_context_dump(const ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                "%sKeyringMode: %s\n"
                "%sProtectHostname: %s%s%s\n"
                "%sProtectProc: %s\n"
-                "%sProcSubset: %s\n",
+                "%sProcSubset: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateBPF: %s\n",
                prefix, c->umask,
                prefix, empty_to_root(c->working_directory),
                prefix, empty_to_root(c->root_directory),
@ -1151,7 +1153,21 @@ void exec_context_dump(const ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                prefix, exec_keyring_mode_to_string(c->keyring_mode),
                prefix, protect_hostname_to_string(c->protect_hostname), c->private_hostname ? ":" : "", strempty(c->private_hostname),
                prefix, protect_proc_to_string(c->protect_proc),
-                prefix, proc_subset_to_string(c->proc_subset));
+                prefix, proc_subset_to_string(c->proc_subset),
+                prefix, private_bpf_to_string(c->private_bpf));
+
+        if (c->private_bpf == PRIVATE_BPF_YES) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char
+                        *commands = bpf_delegate_commands_to_string(c->bpf_delegate_commands),
+                        *maps = bpf_delegate_maps_to_string(c->bpf_delegate_maps),
+                        *programs = bpf_delegate_programs_to_string(c->bpf_delegate_programs),
+                        *attachments = bpf_delegate_attachments_to_string(c->bpf_delegate_attachments);
+
+                fprintf(f, "%sBPFDelegateCommands: %s\n", prefix, strna(commands));
+                fprintf(f, "%sBPFDelegateMaps: %s\n", prefix, strna(maps));
+                fprintf(f, "%sBPFDelegatePrograms: %s\n", prefix, strna(programs));
+                fprintf(f, "%sBPFDelegateAttachments: %s\n", prefix, strna(attachments));
+        }

        if (c->set_login_environment >= 0)
                fprintf(f, "%sSetLoginEnvironment: %s\n", prefix, yes_no(c->set_login_environment > 0));
--- a/src/core/execute.h
+++ b/src/core/execute.h
@ -300,6 +300,9 @@ typedef struct ExecContext {
        ProtectProc protect_proc;  /* hidepid= */
        ProcSubset proc_subset;    /* subset= */

+        PrivateBPF private_bpf;
+        uint64_t bpf_delegate_commands, bpf_delegate_maps, bpf_delegate_programs, bpf_delegate_attachments;
+
        int private_mounts;
        int mount_apivfs;
        int bind_log_sockets;
--- a/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.in
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.in
@ -67,6 +67,11 @@
 {{type}}.KeyringMode,                         config_parse_exec_keyring_mode,                     0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.keyring_mode)
 {{type}}.ProtectProc,                         config_parse_protect_proc,                          0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.protect_proc)
 {{type}}.ProcSubset,                          config_parse_proc_subset,                           0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.proc_subset)
+{{type}}.PrivateBPF,                          config_parse_private_bpf,                           0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.private_bpf)
+{{type}}.BPFDelegateCommands,                 config_parse_bpf_delegate_commands,                 0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.bpf_delegate_commands)
+{{type}}.BPFDelegateMaps,                     config_parse_bpf_delegate_maps,                     0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.bpf_delegate_maps)
+{{type}}.BPFDelegatePrograms,                 config_parse_bpf_delegate_programs,                 0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.bpf_delegate_programs)
+{{type}}.BPFDelegateAttachments,              config_parse_bpf_delegate_attachments,              0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.bpf_delegate_attachments)
 {% if HAVE_SECCOMP %}
 {{type}}.SystemCallFilter,                    config_parse_syscall_filter,                        0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context)
 {{type}}.SystemCallArchitectures,             config_parse_syscall_archs,                         0,                                  offsetof({{type}}, exec_context.syscall_archs)
--- a/src/core/load-fragment.c
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.c
@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_device_policy, cgroup_device_policy, CGrou
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_exec_keyring_mode, exec_keyring_mode, ExecKeyringMode);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_protect_proc, protect_proc, ProtectProc);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_proc_subset, proc_subset, ProcSubset);
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_private_bpf, private_bpf, PrivateBPF);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_private_tmp, private_tmp, PrivateTmp);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_private_users, private_users, PrivateUsers);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_private_pids, private_pids, PrivatePIDs);
@ -160,6 +161,10 @@ DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM_WITH_DEFAULT(config_parse_numa_policy, mpol, int, -1);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_status_unit_format, status_unit_format, StatusUnitFormat);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM_FULL(config_parse_socket_timestamping, socket_timestamping_from_string_harder, SocketTimestamping);
 DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_socket_defer_trigger, socket_defer_trigger, SocketDeferTrigger);
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_PTR(config_parse_bpf_delegate_commands, bpf_delegate_commands_from_string, uint64_t);
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_PTR(config_parse_bpf_delegate_maps, bpf_delegate_maps_from_string, uint64_t);
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_PTR(config_parse_bpf_delegate_programs, bpf_delegate_programs_from_string, uint64_t);
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_PTR(config_parse_bpf_delegate_attachments, bpf_delegate_attachments_from_string, uint64_t);

 bool contains_instance_specifier_superset(const char *s) {
        const char *p, *q;
@ -6270,6 +6275,10 @@ void unit_dump_config_items(FILE *f) {
                { config_parse_personality,           "PERSONALITY" },
                { config_parse_log_filter_patterns,   "REGEX" },
                { config_parse_mount_node,            "NODE" },
+                { config_parse_bpf_delegate_commands, "BPF_DELEGATE_COMMANDS" },
+                { config_parse_bpf_delegate_maps,     "BPF_DELEGATE_MAPS" },
+                { config_parse_bpf_delegate_programs, "BPF_DELEGATE_PROGRAMS" },
+                { config_parse_bpf_delegate_attachments, "BPF_DELEGATE_ATTACHMENTS" },
        };

        const char *prev = NULL;
--- a/src/core/load-fragment.h
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.h
@ -129,6 +129,11 @@ CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_bind_paths);
 CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_exec_keyring_mode);
 CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_protect_proc);
 CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_proc_subset);
+CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_private_bpf);
+CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_bpf_delegate_commands);
+CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_bpf_delegate_maps);
+CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_bpf_delegate_programs);
+CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_bpf_delegate_attachments);
 CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_job_timeout_sec);
 CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_job_running_timeout_sec);
 CONFIG_PARSER_PROTOTYPE(config_parse_log_extra_fields);
--- a/src/core/namespace.c
+++ b/src/core/namespace.c
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@

 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "base-filesystem.h"
+#include "bitfield.h"
 #include "chase.h"
 #include "dev-setup.h"
 #include "devnum-util.h"
@ -17,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "errno-util.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "extension-util.h"
+#include "extract-word.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 #include "nsflags.h"
 #include "nulstr-util.h"
 #include "os-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "pidref.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
@ -79,6 +82,7 @@ typedef enum MountMode {
        MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE,     /* Mounted outside the root directory, and used by subsequent mounts */
        MOUNT_MQUEUEFS,
        MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, /* Should have the lowest priority. */
+        MOUNT_BPFFS,               /* Special mount for bpffs, which is mounted with fsmount() and move_mount() */
        _MOUNT_MODE_MAX,
        _MOUNT_MODE_INVALID = -EINVAL,
 } MountMode;
@ -161,13 +165,17 @@ static const MountEntry protect_kernel_tunables_proc_table[] = {

 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_tunables_sys_table[] = {
        { "/sys",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           false },
-        { "/sys/fs/bpf",         MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
        { "/sys/fs/cgroup",      MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, false }, /* READ_ONLY is set by ProtectControlGroups= option */
        { "/sys/fs/selinux",     MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },
        { "/sys/kernel/debug",   MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
        { "/sys/kernel/tracing", MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
 };

+/* PrivateBPF= option */
+static const MountEntry private_bpf_no_table[] = {
+        { "/sys/fs/bpf",         MOUNT_READ_ONLY,    true  },
+};
+
 /* ProtectKernelModules= option */
 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_modules_table[] = {
        { "/usr/lib/modules",    MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true  },
@ -927,6 +935,36 @@ static int append_protect_system(MountList *ml, ProtectSystem protect_system, bo
        }
 }

+static int append_private_bpf(
+                MountList *ml,
+                PrivateBPF private_bpf,
+                bool protect_kernel_tunables,
+                bool ignore_protect,
+                const NamespaceParameters *p) {
+
+        assert(ml);
+
+        switch (private_bpf) {
+        case PRIVATE_BPF_NO:
+                if (protect_kernel_tunables)
+                        return append_static_mounts(ml, private_bpf_no_table, ELEMENTSOF(private_bpf_no_table), ignore_protect);
+                return 0;
+        case PRIVATE_BPF_YES: {
+                MountEntry *me = mount_list_extend(ml);
+                if (!me)
+                        return log_oom_debug();
+
+                *me = (MountEntry) {
+                        .path_const = "/sys/fs/bpf",
+                        .mode = MOUNT_BPFFS,
+                };
+                return 0;
+        }
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached();
+        }
+}
+
 static int mount_path_compare(const MountEntry *a, const MountEntry *b) {
        int d;

@ -1697,6 +1735,34 @@ static int mount_overlay(const MountEntry *m) {
        return 1;
 }

+static int mount_bpffs(const MountEntry *m, int socket_fd) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(socket_fd >= 0);
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int fs_fd = fsopen("bpf", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fs_fd < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to fsopen: %m");
+
+        r = send_one_fd(socket_fd, fs_fd, /* flags = */ 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send bpffs fd to child: %m");
+
+        if (read(socket_fd, (uint8_t[1]) {}, 1) < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to receive data from child: %m");
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int mnt_fd = fsmount(fs_fd, /* flags = */ 0, /* mount_attrs = */ 0);
+        if (mnt_fd < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to fsmount bpffs: %m");
+
+        r = move_mount(mnt_fd, "", AT_FDCWD, mount_entry_path(m), MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to move bpffs mount to %s: %m", mount_entry_path(m));
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
 static int follow_symlink(
                const char *root_directory,
                MountEntry *m) {
@ -1953,6 +2019,9 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
        case MOUNT_OVERLAY:
                return mount_overlay(m);

+        case MOUNT_BPFFS:
+                return mount_bpffs(m, p->bpffs_socket_fd);
+
        default:
                assert_not_reached();
        }
@ -2151,6 +2220,7 @@ static bool namespace_parameters_mount_apivfs(const NamespaceParameters *p) {
                p->protect_kernel_tunables ||
                p->protect_proc != PROTECT_PROC_DEFAULT ||
                p->proc_subset != PROC_SUBSET_ALL ||
+                p->private_bpf != PRIVATE_BPF_NO ||
                p->private_pids != PRIVATE_PIDS_NO;
 }

@ -2653,6 +2723,10 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **reterr_path) {
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

+        r = append_private_bpf(&ml, p->private_bpf, p->protect_kernel_tunables, /* ignore_protect = */ false, p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
        if (namespace_parameters_mount_apivfs(p)) {
                r = append_static_mounts(&ml,
                                         apivfs_table,
@ -3888,6 +3962,76 @@ static const char* const proc_subset_table[_PROC_SUBSET_MAX] = {

 DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(proc_subset, ProcSubset);

+static const char* const private_bpf_table[_PRIVATE_BPF_MAX] = {
+        [PRIVATE_BPF_NO]  = "no",
+        [PRIVATE_BPF_YES] = "yes",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_BOOLEAN(private_bpf, PrivateBPF, PRIVATE_BPF_YES);
+
+#include "bpf-delegate-configs.inc"
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(bpf_delegate_cmd, uint64_t);
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(bpf_delegate_map_type, uint64_t);
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(bpf_delegate_prog_type, uint64_t);
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(bpf_delegate_attach_type, uint64_t);
+
+char* bpf_delegate_to_string(uint64_t u, const char * (*parser)(uint64_t) _const_ ) {
+        assert(parser);
+
+        if (u == UINT64_MAX)
+                return strdup("any");
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+
+        BIT_FOREACH(i, u) {
+                const char *s = parser(i);
+                if (s) {
+                        if (!strextend_with_separator(&buf, ",", s))
+                                return NULL;
+                } else {
+                        if (strextendf_with_separator(&buf, ",", "%d", i) < 0)
+                                return NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return TAKE_PTR(buf) ?: strdup("");
+}
+
+int bpf_delegate_from_string(const char *s, uint64_t *ret, uint64_t (*parser)(const char *)) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(parser);
+
+        if (streq(s, "any")) {
+                *ret = UINT64_MAX;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t mask = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&s, &word, ",", /* flags = */ 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse delegate options \"%s\": %m", s);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = parser(word);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Unknown BPF delegate option, ignoring: %s", word);
+                else
+                        mask |= UINT64_C(1) << r;
+        }
+
+        *ret = mask;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 static const char* const private_tmp_table[_PRIVATE_TMP_MAX] = {
        [PRIVATE_TMP_NO]           = "no",
        [PRIVATE_TMP_CONNECTED]    = "connected",
--- a/src/core/namespace.h
+++ b/src/core/namespace.h
@ -51,6 +51,13 @@ typedef enum ProcSubset {
        _PROC_SUBSET_INVALID = -EINVAL,
 } ProcSubset;

+typedef enum PrivateBPF {
+        PRIVATE_BPF_NO,
+        PRIVATE_BPF_YES,
+        _PRIVATE_BPF_MAX,
+        _PRIVATE_BPF_INVALID = -EINVAL,
+} PrivateBPF;
+
 typedef enum PrivateTmp {
        PRIVATE_TMP_NO,
        PRIVATE_TMP_CONNECTED, /* Bind mounted from the host's filesystem */
@ -188,9 +195,12 @@ typedef struct NamespaceParameters {
        ProtectSystem protect_system;
        ProtectProc protect_proc;
        ProcSubset proc_subset;
+        PrivateBPF private_bpf;
        PrivateTmp private_tmp;
        PrivateTmp private_var_tmp;
        PrivatePIDs private_pids;
+
+        int bpffs_socket_fd;
 } NamespaceParameters;

 int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **reterr_path);
@ -223,6 +233,56 @@ ProtectProc protect_proc_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
 const char* proc_subset_to_string(ProcSubset i) _const_;
 ProcSubset proc_subset_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;

+const char* private_bpf_to_string(PrivateBPF i) _const_;
+PrivateBPF private_bpf_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* bpf_delegate_cmd_to_string(uint64_t u) _const_;
+uint64_t bpf_delegate_cmd_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* bpf_delegate_map_type_to_string(uint64_t u) _const_;
+uint64_t bpf_delegate_map_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* bpf_delegate_prog_type_to_string(uint64_t u) _const_;
+uint64_t bpf_delegate_prog_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* bpf_delegate_attach_type_to_string(uint64_t u) _const_;
+uint64_t bpf_delegate_attach_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+char* bpf_delegate_to_string(uint64_t u, const char * (*parser)(uint64_t) _const_);
+int bpf_delegate_from_string(const char *s, uint64_t *ret, uint64_t (*parser)(const char *));
+
+static inline int bpf_delegate_commands_from_string(const char *s, uint64_t *ret) {
+        return bpf_delegate_from_string(s, ret, bpf_delegate_cmd_from_string);
+}
+
+static inline char * bpf_delegate_commands_to_string(uint64_t u) {
+        return bpf_delegate_to_string(u, bpf_delegate_cmd_to_string);
+}
+
+static inline int bpf_delegate_maps_from_string(const char *s, uint64_t *ret) {
+        return bpf_delegate_from_string(s, ret, bpf_delegate_map_type_from_string);
+}
+
+static inline char * bpf_delegate_maps_to_string(uint64_t u) {
+        return bpf_delegate_to_string(u, bpf_delegate_map_type_to_string);
+}
+
+static inline int bpf_delegate_programs_from_string(const char *s, uint64_t *ret) {
+        return bpf_delegate_from_string(s, ret, bpf_delegate_prog_type_from_string);
+}
+
+static inline char * bpf_delegate_programs_to_string(uint64_t u) {
+        return bpf_delegate_to_string(u, bpf_delegate_prog_type_to_string);
+}
+
+static inline int bpf_delegate_attachments_from_string(const char *s, uint64_t *ret) {
+        return bpf_delegate_from_string(s, ret, bpf_delegate_attach_type_from_string);
+}
+
+static inline char * bpf_delegate_attachments_to_string(uint64_t u) {
+        return bpf_delegate_to_string(u, bpf_delegate_attach_type_to_string);
+}
+
 const char* private_tmp_to_string(PrivateTmp i) _const_;
 PrivateTmp private_tmp_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;

--- a/src/nspawn/nspawn-mount.c
+++ b/src/nspawn/nspawn-mount.c
@ -509,12 +509,14 @@ int mount_sysfs(const char *dest, MountSettingsMask mount_settings) {
        if (rmdir(full) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to remove %s: %m", full);

-        /* Create mountpoint for cgroups. Otherwise we are not allowed since we remount /sys/ read-only. */
-        _cleanup_free_ char *x = path_join(top, "/fs/cgroup");
-        if (!x)
-                return log_oom();
+        /* Create mountpoints. Otherwise we are not allowed since we remount /sys/ read-only. */
+        FOREACH_STRING(p, "/fs/cgroup", "/fs/bpf") {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *x = path_join(top, p);
+                if (!x)
+                        return log_oom();

-        (void) mkdir_p(x, 0755);
+                (void) mkdir_p(x, 0755);
+        }

        return mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_ERR, NULL, top, NULL,
                                      MS_BIND|MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV|MS_REMOUNT|extra_flags, NULL);
--- a/src/shared/bus-unit-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/bus-unit-util.c
@ -2425,6 +2425,11 @@ static const BusProperty execute_properties[] = {
        { "MountImagePolicy",                      bus_append_string                             },
        { "ExtensionImagePolicy",                  bus_append_string                             },
        { "PrivatePIDs",                           bus_append_string                             },
+        { "PrivateBPF",                            bus_append_string                             },
+        { "BPFDelegateCommands",                   bus_append_string                             },
+        { "BPFDelegateMaps",                       bus_append_string                             },
+        { "BPFDelegatePrograms",                   bus_append_string                             },
+        { "BPFDelegateAttachments",                bus_append_string                             },
        { "IgnoreSIGPIPE",                         bus_append_parse_boolean                      },
        { "TTYVHangup",                            bus_append_parse_boolean                      },
        { "TTYReset",                              bus_append_parse_boolean                      },
--- a/src/test/meson.build
+++ b/src/test/meson.build
@ -486,6 +486,12 @@ executables += [
                'sources' : files('test-bpf-restrict-fs.c'),
                'dependencies' : common_test_dependencies,
        },
+        core_test_template + {
+                'sources' : files('test-bpf-token.c'),
+                'dependencies' : common_test_dependencies + libbpf,
+                'conditions' : ['BPF_FRAMEWORK'],
+                'type' : 'manual',
+        },
        core_test_template + {
                'sources' : files('test-cgroup-cpu.c'),
        },
--- a/src/test/test-bpf-token.c
+++ b/src/test/test-bpf-token.c
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include <bpf/bpf.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "main-func.h"
+#include "tests.h"
+
+static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+#if __LIBBPF_CURRENT_VERSION_GEQ(1, 5)
+        _cleanup_close_ int bpffs_fd = -EBADF, token_fd = -EBADF;
+
+        bpffs_fd = open("/sys/fs/bpf", O_RDONLY);
+        if (bpffs_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        token_fd = bpf_token_create(bpffs_fd, /* opts = */ NULL);
+        if (token_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+#else
+        exit(77);
+#endif
+}
+
+DEFINE_MAIN_FUNCTION(run);
--- a/test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
+++ b/test/integration-tests/integration-test-wrapper.py
@ -617,6 +617,8 @@ def main() -> None:
        '--credential', f"journal.storage={'persistent' if sys.stdin.isatty() else args.storage}",
        *(['--runtime-build-sources=no', '--register=no'] if not sys.stdin.isatty() else []),
        'vm' if args.vm or os.getuid() != 0 or os.getenv('TEST_PREFER_QEMU', '0') == '1' else 'boot',
+        *(['--', '--capability=CAP_BPF'] \
+            if not args.vm and os.getenv('TEST_PREFER_QEMU', '0') == '0' else []),
    ]  # fmt: skip

    try:
--- a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.private-bpf.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.private-bpf.sh
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Check that with ProtectKernelTunables=yes and PrivateBPF=no, the host bpffs is remounted ro
+systemd-run --wait \
+        -p PrivateUsers=yes \
+        -p PrivateMounts=yes \
+        -p DelegateNamespaces=mnt \
+        -p ProtectKernelTunables=yes \
+        -p PrivateBPF=no \
+        grep -q '/sys/fs/bpf .* ro,' /proc/mounts
+
+# Check that with PrivateBPF=yes, a new bpffs instance is mounted
+systemd-run --wait \
+        -p PrivateUsers=yes \
+        -p PrivateMounts=yes \
+        -p DelegateNamespaces=mnt \
+        -p PrivateBPF=yes \
+        grep -q '^none /sys/fs/bpf bpf rw' /proc/mounts
+
+# Check that when specifying the delegate arguments, the mount options are set properly
+check_mount_opts() {
+        local delegate=$1 mnt_opts=$2
+        systemd-run --wait \
+                -p PrivateUsers=yes \
+                -p PrivateMounts=yes \
+                -p DelegateNamespaces=mnt \
+                -p PrivateBPF=yes \
+                -p "$delegate" \
+                grep -q "$mnt_opts" /proc/mounts
+}
+
+check_mount_opts 'BPFDelegateCommands=BPFObjPin,BPFBtfLoad,BPFMapFreeze,BPFLinkDetach' 'delegate_cmds=obj_pin:btf_load:map_freeze:link_detach'
+check_mount_opts 'BPFDelegateMaps=BPFMapTypeArray,BPFMapTypeCpumap,BPFMapTypeRingbuf' 'delegate_maps=array:cpumap:ringbuf'
+check_mount_opts 'BPFDelegatePrograms=BPFProgTypeTracepoint,BPFProgTypeXdp,BPFProgTypeTracing' 'delegate_progs=tracepoint:xdp:tracing'
+check_mount_opts 'BPFDelegateAttachments=BPFFlowDissector,BPFCgroupSysctl,BPFNetfilter' 'delegate_attachs=flow_dissector:cgroup_sysctl:netfilter'
+
+# Building test-bpf-token requires BPF support
+if systemctl --version | grep -q -- -BPF_FRAMEWORK; then
+        exit 0
+fi
+
+# The following test will always return 77 if at compile time the libbpf version
+# is less than 1.5.0. If it happens don't let the whole test fail
+set +e
+
+/usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-bpf-token
+if [ $? -eq 77 ]; then
+        exit 0
+fi
+
+set -e
+
+# Check that our helper is able to get a BPF token
+systemd-run --wait \
+        -p PrivateUsers=yes \
+        -p PrivateMounts=yes \
+        -p DelegateNamespaces=mnt \
+        -p PrivateBPF=yes \
+        -p BPFDelegateCommands=BPFProgLoad \
+        /usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-bpf-token
+
+# Check that without the delegates, the helper aborts trying to get a token
+! systemd-run --wait \
+        -p PrivateUsers=yes \
+        -p PrivateMounts=yes \
+        -p DelegateNamespaces=mnt \
+        -p PrivateBPF=yes \
+        /usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-bpf-token
--- a/tools/xml_helper.py
+++ b/tools/xml_helper.py
@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ class CustomResolver(tree.Resolver):
            return self.resolve_filename('man/custom-entities.ent', context)
        if 'ethtool-link-mode' in url:
            return self.resolve_filename('src/shared/ethtool-link-mode.xml', context)
+        if 'bpf-delegate' in url:
+            return self.resolve_filename('man/bpf-delegate.xml', context)

        return None
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Yu Watanabe	f17c49c569	Add support for BPF tokens (#36134 ) Add a new option `PrivateBPF=` to mount a private instance of bpffs. Add also four configuration options `BPFDelegate{Commands,Maps,Programs,Attachments}=` which set the corresponding bpffs mount options in order to create BPF tokens: https://lwn.net/Articles/947173/ Closes#35108.	2025-07-09 15:12:22 +09:00
Matteo Croce	ea9826eb94	core: add options to delegate BPFFS token creation Add four new options BPFDelegate{Commands,Maps,Programs,Attachments}= in order to delegate to a BPFFS instance the permission to create tokens. The value is a list of options taken from: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.14/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h#L922-L1121 The special value "any" means to allow every possible values. More informations about BPF tokens here: https://lwn.net/Articles/947173/	2025-07-08 22:35:29 +02:00
Matteo Croce	3a47437fc9	core: Introduce PrivateBPF= to mount a private BPFFS Add a new option PrivateBPF= to mount a new instance of bpffs within a namespace. PrivateBPF= can be set to "no" to use the host bpffs in readonly mode and "yes" to do a new mount. The mount is done with the new fsopen()/fsmount() API because in future we'll hook some commands between the two calls.	2025-07-08 22:33:28 +02:00
Matteo Croce	2c7dabff50	core: split out setup_private_users_child() Drop support for kernels older than 3.19, as this is where /proc/<pid>/setgroups was added. `9cc46516dd`	2025-07-08 18:23:46 +02:00
Matteo Croce	9554ac3052	tests: run test with CAP_BPF Add CAP_BPF to tests run with nspawn, so we don't have to use a VM to test BPF calls.	2025-07-08 18:23:46 +02:00
Matteo Croce	a80c06cf02	nspawn: create mountpoint for bpffs When we mount a tmpfs as /sys, create a mountpoint for bpf, as we already do for cgroup	2025-07-08 18:23:46 +02:00