man/systemd-sysext.xml

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
     with newer ones, for example to install a locally compiled development version of some low-level
     component over the immutable OS image without doing a full OS rebuild or modifying the nominally
     immutable image. (e.g. "install" a locally built package with <command>DESTDIR=/var/lib/extensions/mytest
-    make install &amp;&amp; systemd-sysext refresh</command>, making it available in
+    make install &amp;&amp; systemd-sysext --refresh</command>, making it available in
     <filename>/usr/</filename> as if it was installed in the OS image itself.) This case works regardless if
     the underlying host <filename>/usr/</filename> is managed as immutable disk image or is a traditional
     package manager controlled (i.e. writable) tree.</para>
@@ -148,19 +148,12 @@
   <refsect1>
     <title>Commands</title>
 
-    <para>The following commands are understood:</para>
+    <para>The following command switches are understood:</para>
 
     <variablelist>
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>status</option></term>
+        <term><option>--merge</option></term>
-
+        <term><option>-m</option></term>
-        <listitem><para>When invoked without any command verb, or when <option>status</option> is specified
-        the current merge status is shown, separately for both <filename>/usr/</filename> and
-        <filename>/opt/</filename>.</para></listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>merge</option></term>
         <listitem><para>Merges all currently installed system extension images into
         <filename>/usr/</filename> and <filename>/opt/</filename>, by overmounting these hierarchies with an
         <literal>overlayfs</literal> file system combining the underlying hierarchies with those included in
@@ -168,20 +161,22 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>unmerge</option></term>
+        <term><option>--unmerge</option></term>
+        <term><option>-u</option></term>
         <listitem><para>Unmerges all currently installed system extension images from
         <filename>/usr/</filename> and <filename>/opt/</filename>, by unmounting the
-        <literal>overlayfs</literal> file systems created by <option>merge</option>
+        <literal>overlayfs</literal> file systems created by <option>--merge</option>
         prior.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>refresh</option></term>
+        <term><option>--refresh</option></term>
-        <listitem><para>A combination of <option>unmerge</option> and <option>merge</option>: if already
+        <term><option>-R</option></term>
+        <listitem><para>A combination of <option>--unmerge</option> and <option>--merge</option>: if already
         mounted the existing <literal>overlayfs</literal> instance is unmounted temporarily, and then
         replaced by a new version. This command is useful after installing/removing system extension images,
         in order to update the <literal>overlayfs</literal> file system accordingly. If no system extensions
-        are installed when this command is executed, the equivalent of <option>unmerge</option> is
+        are installed when this command is executed, the equivalent of <option>--unmerge</option> is
         executed, without establishing any new <literal>overlayfs</literal> instance. Note that currently
         there's a brief moment where neither the old nor the new <literal>overlayfs</literal> file system is
         mounted. This implies that all resources supplied by a system extension will briefly disappear — even
@@ -189,7 +184,8 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>list</option></term>
+        <term><option>--list</option></term>
+        <term><option>-l</option></term>
 
         <listitem><para>A brief list of installed extension images is shown.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
@@ -197,6 +193,9 @@
       <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
       <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
     </variablelist>
+
+    <para>When invoked without any command switches, the current merge status is shown, separately for both
+    <filename>/usr/</filename> and <filename>/opt/</filename>.</para>
   </refsect1>
 
   <refsect1>
@@ -219,15 +218,6 @@
         output style, or explicitly disabling JSON output.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
-      <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>--force</option></term>
-
-        <listitem><para>When merging system extensions into <filename>/usr/</filename> and
-        <filename>/opt/</filename>, ignore version incompatibilities, i.e. force merging regardless of
-        whether the version information included in the extension images matches the host or
-        not.</para></listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
       <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
     </variablelist>
   </refsect1>

man/systemd.exec.xml

@@ -117,20 +117,6 @@
         <para>The <varname>MountAPIVFS=</varname> and <varname>PrivateUsers=</varname> settings are particularly useful
         in conjunction with <varname>RootDirectory=</varname>. For details, see below.</para>
 
-        <para>If <varname>RootDirectory=</varname>/<varname>RootImage=</varname> are used together with
-        <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> the notification socket is automatically mounted from the host into
-        the root environment, to ensure the notification interface can work correctly.</para>
-
-        <para>Note that services using <varname>RootDirectory=</varname>/<varname>RootImage=</varname> will
-        not be able to log via the syslog or journal protocols to the host logging infrastructure, unless the
-        relevant sockets are mounted from the host, specifically:</para>
-
-        <example>
-          <title>Mounting logging sockets into root environment</title>
-
-          <programlisting>BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout</programlisting>
-        </example>
-
         <xi:include href="system-only.xml" xpointer="singular"/></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 

src/analyze/analyze.c

@@ -1022,6 +1022,7 @@ static int list_dependencies(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
 static int analyze_critical_chain(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
         _cleanup_(unit_times_freep) struct unit_times *times = NULL;
+        struct unit_times *u;
         Hashmap *h;
         int n, r;
 
@@ -1037,7 +1038,7 @@ static int analyze_critical_chain(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         if (!h)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        for (struct unit_times *u = times; u->has_data; u++) {
+        for (u = times; u->has_data; u++) {
                 r = hashmap_put(h, u->name, u);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add entry to hashmap: %m");
@@ -1064,6 +1065,7 @@ static int analyze_blame(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
         _cleanup_(unit_times_freep) struct unit_times *times = NULL;
         _cleanup_(table_unrefp) Table *table = NULL;
+        struct unit_times *u;
         TableCell *cell;
         int n, r;
 
@@ -1103,7 +1105,7 @@ static int analyze_blame(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        for (struct unit_times *u = times; u->has_data; u++) {
+        for (u = times; u->has_data; u++) {
                 if (u->time <= 0)
                         continue;
 

src/basic/btrfs-util.c

@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ int btrfs_qgroup_get_quota(const char *path, uint64_t qgroupid, BtrfsQuotaInfo *
 int btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, uint64_t *ret) {
         uint64_t level, lowest = (uint64_t) -1, lowest_qgroupid = 0;
         _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *qgroups = NULL;
-        int r, n;
+        int r, n, i;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
         assert(ret);
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, uint64_t *ret)
         if (n < 0)
                 return n;
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                 uint64_t id;
 
                 r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroups[i], &level, &id);
@@ -824,6 +824,7 @@ int btrfs_qgroup_set_limit_fd(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid, uint64_t referenced_max
                 .lim.max_rfer = referenced_max,
                 .lim.flags = BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_MAX_RFER,
         };
+        unsigned c;
         int r;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
@@ -842,7 +843,7 @@ int btrfs_qgroup_set_limit_fd(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid, uint64_t referenced_max
 
         args.qgroupid = qgroupid;
 
-        for (unsigned c = 0;; c++) {
+        for (c = 0;; c++) {
                 if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_LIMIT, &args) < 0) {
 
                         if (errno == EBUSY && c < 10) {
@@ -923,6 +924,7 @@ static int qgroup_create_or_destroy(int fd, bool b, uint64_t qgroupid) {
                 .create = b,
                 .qgroupid = qgroupid,
         };
+        unsigned c;
         int r;
 
         r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
@@ -931,7 +933,7 @@ static int qgroup_create_or_destroy(int fd, bool b, uint64_t qgroupid) {
         if (r == 0)
                 return -ENOTTY;
 
-        for (unsigned c = 0;; c++) {
+        for (c = 0;; c++) {
                 if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_CREATE, &args) < 0) {
 
                         /* On old kernels if quota is not enabled, we get EINVAL. On newer kernels we get
@@ -966,7 +968,7 @@ int btrfs_qgroup_destroy(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid) {
 int btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid) {
         _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *qgroups = NULL;
         uint64_t subvol_id;
-        int n, r;
+        int i, n, r;
 
         /* Destroys the specified qgroup, but unassigns it from all
          * its parents first. Also, it recursively destroys all
@@ -981,7 +983,7 @@ int btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid) {
         if (n < 0)
                 return n;
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                 uint64_t id;
 
                 r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroups[i], NULL, &id);
@@ -1041,6 +1043,7 @@ static int qgroup_assign_or_unassign(int fd, bool b, uint64_t child, uint64_t pa
                 .src = child,
                 .dst = parent,
         };
+        unsigned c;
         int r;
 
         r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
@@ -1049,7 +1052,7 @@ static int qgroup_assign_or_unassign(int fd, bool b, uint64_t child, uint64_t pa
         if (r == 0)
                 return -ENOTTY;
 
-        for (unsigned c = 0;; c++) {
+        for (c = 0;; c++) {
                 r = ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_ASSIGN, &args);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         if (errno == EBUSY && c < 10) {
@@ -1348,7 +1351,7 @@ int btrfs_qgroup_copy_limits(int fd, uint64_t old_qgroupid, uint64_t new_qgroupi
 static int copy_quota_hierarchy(int fd, uint64_t old_subvol_id, uint64_t new_subvol_id) {
         _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *old_qgroups = NULL, *old_parent_qgroups = NULL;
         bool copy_from_parent = false, insert_intermediary_qgroup = false;
-        int n_old_qgroups, n_old_parent_qgroups, r;
+        int n_old_qgroups, n_old_parent_qgroups, r, i;
         uint64_t old_parent_id;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
@@ -1372,8 +1375,9 @@ static int copy_quota_hierarchy(int fd, uint64_t old_subvol_id, uint64_t new_sub
                         return n_old_parent_qgroups;
         }
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < n_old_qgroups; i++) {
+        for (i = 0; i < n_old_qgroups; i++) {
                 uint64_t id;
+                int j;
 
                 r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(old_qgroups[i], NULL, &id);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1388,7 +1392,7 @@ static int copy_quota_hierarchy(int fd, uint64_t old_subvol_id, uint64_t new_sub
                         break;
                 }
 
-                for (int j = 0; j < n_old_parent_qgroups; j++)
+                for (j = 0; j < n_old_parent_qgroups; j++)
                         if (old_parent_qgroups[j] == old_qgroups[i])
                                 /* The old subvolume shared a common
                                  * parent qgroup with its parent
@@ -1876,11 +1880,12 @@ int btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, bool insert_intermed
         if (insert_intermediary_qgroup) {
                 uint64_t lowest = 256, new_qgroupid;
                 bool created = false;
+                int i;
 
                 /* Determine the lowest qgroup that the parent
                  * subvolume is assigned to. */
 
-                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                         uint64_t level;
 
                         r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroups[i], &level, NULL);
@@ -1905,7 +1910,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, bool insert_intermed
                 if (r >= 0)
                         changed = created = true;
 
-                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                         r = btrfs_qgroup_assign(fd, new_qgroupid, qgroups[i]);
                         if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST) {
                                 if (created)

src/core/core-varlink.c

@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ int manager_varlink_init(Manager *m) {
         if (!MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m))
                 return 0;
 
-        r = varlink_server_new(&s, VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID|VARLINK_SERVER_INHERIT_USERDATA);
+        r = varlink_server_new(&s, VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate varlink server object: %m");
 

src/core/execute.c

@@ -3223,7 +3223,6 @@ static int apply_mount_namespace(
                             context->root_verity,
                             propagate_dir,
                             incoming_dir,
-                            root_dir || root_image ? params->notify_socket : NULL,
                             DISSECT_IMAGE_DISCARD_ON_LOOP|DISSECT_IMAGE_RELAX_VAR_CHECK|DISSECT_IMAGE_FSCK,
                             error_path);
 

src/core/execute.h

@@ -384,8 +384,6 @@ struct ExecParameters {
 
         /* An fd that is closed by the execve(), and thus will result in EOF when the execve() is done */
         int exec_fd;
-
-        const char *notify_socket;
 };
 
 #include "unit.h"

src/core/namespace.c

@@ -1302,8 +1302,7 @@ static size_t namespace_calculate_mounts(
                 const char* var_tmp_dir,
                 const char *creds_path,
                 const char* log_namespace,
-                bool setup_propagate,
+                bool setup_propagate) {
-                const char* notify_socket) {
 
         size_t protect_home_cnt;
         size_t protect_system_cnt =
@@ -1330,6 +1329,7 @@ static size_t namespace_calculate_mounts(
                 n_bind_mounts +
                 n_mount_images +
                 n_temporary_filesystems +
+                (setup_propagate ? 1 : 0) + /* /run/systemd/incoming */
                 ns_info->private_dev +
                 (ns_info->protect_kernel_tunables ? ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_tunables_table) : 0) +
                 (ns_info->protect_kernel_modules ? ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_modules_table) : 0) +
@@ -1339,9 +1339,7 @@ static size_t namespace_calculate_mounts(
                 (ns_info->protect_hostname ? 2 : 0) +
                 (namespace_info_mount_apivfs(ns_info) ? ELEMENTSOF(apivfs_table) : 0) +
                 (creds_path ? 2 : 1) +
-                !!log_namespace +
+                !!log_namespace;
-                setup_propagate + /* /run/systemd/incoming */
-                !!notify_socket;
 }
 
 static void normalize_mounts(const char *root_directory, MountEntry *mounts, size_t *n_mounts) {
@@ -1493,7 +1491,6 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 const char *verity_data_path,
                 const char *propagate_dir,
                 const char *incoming_dir,
-                const char *notify_socket,
                 DissectImageFlags dissect_image_flags,
                 char **error_path) {
 
@@ -1596,8 +1593,7 @@ int setup_namespace(
                         tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir,
                         creds_path,
                         log_namespace,
-                        setup_propagate,
+                        setup_propagate);
-                        notify_socket);
 
         if (n_mounts > 0) {
                 m = mounts = new0(MountEntry, n_mounts);
@@ -1775,14 +1771,6 @@ int setup_namespace(
                                 .read_only = true,
                         };
 
-                if (notify_socket)
-                        *(m++) = (MountEntry) {
-                                .path_const = notify_socket,
-                                .source_const = notify_socket,
-                                .mode = BIND_MOUNT,
-                                .read_only = true,
-                        };
-
                 assert(mounts + n_mounts == m);
 
                 /* Prepend the root directory where that's necessary */

src/core/namespace.h

@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 const char *root_verity,
                 const char *propagate_dir,
                 const char *incoming_dir,
-                const char *notify_socket,
                 DissectImageFlags dissected_image_flags,
                 char **error_path);
 

src/core/service.c

@@ -1474,13 +1474,10 @@ static int service_spawn(
         if (!our_env)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-        if (service_exec_needs_notify_socket(s, flags)) {
+        if (service_exec_needs_notify_socket(s, flags))
                 if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "NOTIFY_SOCKET=%s", UNIT(s)->manager->notify_socket) < 0)
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                exec_params.notify_socket = UNIT(s)->manager->notify_socket;
-        }
-
         if (s->main_pid > 0)
                 if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MAINPID="PID_FMT, s->main_pid) < 0)
                         return -ENOMEM;

src/home/homed-manager.c

@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ static int manager_bind_varlink(Manager *m) {
         assert(m);
         assert(!m->varlink_server);
 
-        r = varlink_server_new(&m->varlink_server, VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID|VARLINK_SERVER_INHERIT_USERDATA);
+        r = varlink_server_new(&m->varlink_server, VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate varlink server object: %m");
 

src/journal/journald-server.c

@@ -2033,7 +2033,7 @@ static int server_open_varlink(Server *s, const char *socket, int fd) {
 
         assert(s);
 
-        r = varlink_server_new(&s->varlink_server, VARLINK_SERVER_ROOT_ONLY|VARLINK_SERVER_INHERIT_USERDATA);
+        r = varlink_server_new(&s->varlink_server, VARLINK_SERVER_ROOT_ONLY);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 

src/libsystemd/sd-device/device-monitor.c

@@ -732,13 +732,15 @@ _public_ int sd_device_monitor_filter_add_match_subsystem_devtype(sd_device_moni
                         return -ENOMEM;
         }
 
-        r = hashmap_ensure_put(&m->subsystem_filter, NULL, s, d);
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->subsystem_filter, NULL);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        TAKE_PTR(s);
+        r = hashmap_put(m->subsystem_filter, s, d);
-        TAKE_PTR(d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
+        s = d = NULL;
         m->filter_uptodate = false;
 
         return 0;

src/libsystemd/sd-event/sd-event.c

@@ -629,6 +629,10 @@ static int event_make_signal_data(
                         return 0;
                 }
         } else {
+                r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&e->signal_data, &uint64_hash_ops);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
                 d = new(struct signal_data, 1);
                 if (!d)
                         return -ENOMEM;
@@ -639,7 +643,7 @@ static int event_make_signal_data(
                         .priority = priority,
                 };
 
-                r = hashmap_ensure_put(&e->signal_data, &uint64_hash_ops, &d->priority, d);
+                r = hashmap_put(e->signal_data, &d->priority, d);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         free(d);
                         return r;
@@ -1723,6 +1727,10 @@ static int event_make_inotify_data(
 
         fd = fd_move_above_stdio(fd);
 
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&e->inotify_data, &uint64_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         d = new(struct inotify_data, 1);
         if (!d)
                 return -ENOMEM;
@@ -1733,7 +1741,7 @@ static int event_make_inotify_data(
                 .priority = priority,
         };
 
-        r = hashmap_ensure_put(&e->inotify_data, &uint64_hash_ops, &d->priority, d);
+        r = hashmap_put(e->inotify_data, &d->priority, d);
         if (r < 0) {
                 d->fd = safe_close(d->fd);
                 free(d);

src/libsystemd/sd-journal/sd-journal.c

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static bool journal_pid_changed(sd_journal *j) {
 }
 
 static int journal_put_error(sd_journal *j, int r, const char *path) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *copy = NULL;
+        char *copy;
         int k;
 
         /* Memorize an error we encountered, and store which
@@ -80,21 +80,27 @@ static int journal_put_error(sd_journal *j, int r, const char *path) {
         if (r >= 0)
                 return r;
 
+        k = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&j->errors, NULL);
+        if (k < 0)
+                return k;
+
         if (path) {
                 copy = strdup(path);
                 if (!copy)
                         return -ENOMEM;
-        }
+        } else
+                copy = NULL;
 
-        k = hashmap_ensure_put(&j->errors, NULL, INT_TO_PTR(r), copy);
+        k = hashmap_put(j->errors, INT_TO_PTR(r), copy);
         if (k < 0) {
+                free(copy);
+
                 if (k == -EEXIST)
                         return 0;
 
                 return k;
         }
 
-        TAKE_PTR(copy);
         return 0;
 }
 

src/login/logind-brightness.c

@@ -217,6 +217,10 @@ int manager_write_brightness(
                 return 0;
         }
 
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->brightness_writers, &brightness_writer_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
         w = new(BrightnessWriter, 1);
         if (!w)
                 return log_oom();
@@ -230,12 +234,9 @@ int manager_write_brightness(
         if (!w->path)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        r = hashmap_ensure_put(&m->brightness_writers, &brightness_writer_hash_ops, w->path, w);
+        r = hashmap_put(m->brightness_writers, w->path, w);
-        if (r == -ENOMEM)
-                return log_oom();
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add brightness writer to hashmap: %m");
-
         w->manager = m;
 
         r = set_add_message(&w->current_messages, message);

src/machine/image-dbus.c

@@ -390,6 +390,10 @@ static int image_object_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interfac
                 return 1;
         }
 
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->image_cache, &image_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         if (!m->image_cache_defer_event) {
                 r = sd_event_add_defer(m->event, &m->image_cache_defer_event, image_flush_cache, m);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ static int image_object_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interfac
 
         image->userdata = m;
 
-        r = hashmap_ensure_put(&m->image_cache, &image_hash_ops, image->name, image);
+        r = hashmap_put(m->image_cache, image->name, image);
         if (r < 0) {
                 image_unref(image);
                 return r;

src/machine/machined-varlink.c

@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ int manager_varlink_init(Manager *m) {
         if (m->varlink_server)
                 return 0;
 
-        r = varlink_server_new(&s, VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID|VARLINK_SERVER_INHERIT_USERDATA);
+        r = varlink_server_new(&s, VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate varlink server object: %m");
 

src/network/networkd-ndisc.c

@@ -1544,9 +1544,11 @@ int config_parse_address_generation_type(
                 token->prefix = buffer.in6;
         }
 
-        r = ordered_set_ensure_put(&network->ipv6_tokens, &ipv6_token_hash_ops, token);
+        r = ordered_set_ensure_allocated(&network->ipv6_tokens, &ipv6_token_hash_ops);
-        if (r == -ENOMEM)
+        if (r < 0)
                 return log_oom();
+
+        r = ordered_set_put(network->ipv6_tokens, token);
         if (r == -EEXIST)
                 log_syntax(unit, LOG_DEBUG, filename, line, r,
                            "IPv6 token '%s' is duplicated, ignoring: %m", rvalue);

src/network/networkd-network.c

@@ -805,9 +805,11 @@ int config_parse_stacked_netdev(const char *unit,
         if (!name)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        r = hashmap_ensure_put(h, &string_hash_ops, name, INT_TO_PTR(kind));
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(h, &string_hash_ops);
-        if (r == -ENOMEM)
+        if (r < 0)
                 return log_oom();
+
+        r = hashmap_put(*h, name, INT_TO_PTR(kind));
         if (r < 0)
                 log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, r,
                            "Cannot add NetDev '%s' to network, ignoring assignment: %m", name);
@@ -815,7 +817,7 @@ int config_parse_stacked_netdev(const char *unit,
                 log_syntax(unit, LOG_DEBUG, filename, line, r,
                            "NetDev '%s' specified twice, ignoring.", name);
         else
-                TAKE_PTR(name);
+                name = NULL;
 
         return 0;
 }

src/portable/profile/default/service.conf

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 [Service]
 MountAPIVFS=yes
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/notify
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/etc/machine-id
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/etc/resolv.conf

src/portable/profile/nonetwork/service.conf

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 [Service]
 MountAPIVFS=yes
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/notify
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/etc/machine-id
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket

src/portable/profile/strict/service.conf

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 [Service]
 MountAPIVFS=yes
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/notify
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/etc/machine-id
 DynamicUser=yes

src/portable/profile/trusted/service.conf

@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@
 
 [Service]
 MountAPIVFS=yes
+BindPaths=/run
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/etc/machine-id
 BindReadOnlyPaths=/etc/resolv.conf

src/resolve/resolved-varlink.c

@@ -269,13 +269,11 @@ static int vl_method_resolve_hostname(Varlink *link, JsonVariant *parameters, Va
         _cleanup_(lookup_parameters_destroy) LookupParameters p = {
                 .family = AF_UNSPEC,
         };
+        Manager *m = userdata;
         DnsQuery *q;
-        Manager *m;
         int r;
 
         assert(link);
-
-        m = varlink_server_get_userdata(varlink_get_server(link));
         assert(m);
 
         if (FLAGS_SET(flags, VARLINK_METHOD_ONEWAY))
@@ -449,13 +447,11 @@ static int vl_method_resolve_address(Varlink *link, JsonVariant *parameters, Var
         _cleanup_(lookup_parameters_destroy) LookupParameters p = {
                 .family = AF_UNSPEC,
         };
+        Manager *m = userdata;
         DnsQuery *q;
-        Manager *m;
         int r;
 
         assert(link);
-
-        m = varlink_server_get_userdata(varlink_get_server(link));
         assert(m);
 
         if (FLAGS_SET(flags, VARLINK_METHOD_ONEWAY))

src/shared/varlink.c

@@ -2137,9 +2137,7 @@ int varlink_server_add_connection(VarlinkServer *server, int fd, Varlink **ret)
                 return r;
 
         v->fd = fd;
-        if (server->flags & VARLINK_SERVER_INHERIT_USERDATA)
+        v->userdata = server->userdata;
-                v->userdata = server->userdata;
-
         if (ucred_acquired) {
                 v->ucred = ucred;
                 v->ucred_acquired = true;

src/shared/varlink.h

@@ -41,12 +41,11 @@ typedef enum VarlinkMethodFlags {
 } VarlinkMethodFlags;
 
 typedef enum VarlinkServerFlags {
-        VARLINK_SERVER_ROOT_ONLY        = 1 << 0, /* Only accessible by root */
+        VARLINK_SERVER_ROOT_ONLY   = 1 << 0, /* Only accessible by root */
-        VARLINK_SERVER_MYSELF_ONLY      = 1 << 1, /* Only accessible by our own UID */
+        VARLINK_SERVER_MYSELF_ONLY = 1 << 1, /* Only accessible by our own UID */
-        VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID      = 1 << 2, /* Do per user accounting */
+        VARLINK_SERVER_ACCOUNT_UID = 1 << 2, /* Do per user accounting */
-        VARLINK_SERVER_INHERIT_USERDATA = 1 << 3, /* Initialize Varlink connection userdata from VarlinkServer userdata */
 
-        _VARLINK_SERVER_FLAGS_ALL = (1 << 4) - 1,
+        _VARLINK_SERVER_FLAGS_ALL = (1 << 3) - 1,
 } VarlinkServerFlags;
 
 typedef int (*VarlinkMethod)(Varlink *link, JsonVariant *parameters, VarlinkMethodFlags flags, void *userdata);

src/sysext/sysext.c

@@ -29,13 +29,18 @@
 #include "stat-util.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
 #include "user-util.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
 
+static enum {
+        ACTION_STATUS,
+        ACTION_MERGE,
+        ACTION_UNMERGE,
+        ACTION_REFRESH,
+        ACTION_LIST,
+} arg_action = ACTION_STATUS;
 static char **arg_hierarchies = NULL; /* "/usr" + "/opt" by default */
 static char *arg_root = NULL;
 static JsonFormatFlags arg_json_format_flags = JSON_FORMAT_OFF;
 static PagerFlags arg_pager_flags = 0;
-static bool arg_force = false;
 
 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_hierarchies, strv_freep);
 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_root, freep);
@@ -144,15 +149,7 @@ static int unmerge(void) {
         return ret;
 }
 
-static int verb_unmerge(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
+static int status(void) {
-
-        if (!have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
-                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM), "Need to be privileged.");
-
-        return unmerge();
-}
-
-static int verb_status(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_(table_unrefp) Table *t = NULL;
         int r, ret = 0;
         char **p;
@@ -402,76 +399,6 @@ static int strverscmpp(char *const* a, char *const* b) {
         return strverscmp(*a, *b);
 }
 
-static int validate_version(
-                const char *root,
-                const char *name,
-                const char *host_os_release_id,
-                const char *host_os_release_version_id,
-                const char *host_os_release_sysext_level) {
-
-        _cleanup_free_ char *extension_release_id = NULL, *extension_release_version_id = NULL, *extension_release_sysext_level = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        assert(root);
-        assert(name);
-
-        if (arg_force) {
-                log_debug("Force mode enabled, skipping version validation.");
-                return 1;
-        }
-
-        /* Insist that extension images do not overwrite the underlying OS release file (it's fine if
-         * they place one in /etc/os-release, i.e. where things don't matter, as they aren't
-         * merged.) */
-        r = chase_symlinks("/usr/lib/os-release", root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, NULL, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                if (r != -ENOENT)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether /usr/lib/os-release exists in the extension image: %m");
-        } else
-                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
-                                       "Extension image contains /usr/lib/os-release file, which is not allowed (it may carry /etc/os-release), refusing.");
-
-        /* Now that we can look into the extension image, let's see if the OS version is compatible */
-        r = parse_extension_release(
-                        root,
-                        name,
-                        "ID", &extension_release_id,
-                        "VERSION_ID", &extension_release_version_id,
-                        "SYSEXT_LEVEL", &extension_release_sysext_level,
-                        NULL);
-        if (r == -ENOENT) {
-                log_notice_errno(r, "Extension '%s' carries no extension-release data, ignoring extension.", name);
-                return 0;
-        }
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire 'os-release' data of extension '%s': %m", name);
-
-        if (!streq_ptr(host_os_release_id, extension_release_id)) {
-                log_notice("Extension '%s' is for OS '%s', but running on '%s', ignoring extension.",
-                           name, strna(extension_release_id), strna(host_os_release_id));
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        /* If the extension has a sysext API level declared, then it must match the host API
-         * level. Otherwise, compare OS version as a whole */
-        if (extension_release_sysext_level) {
-                if (!streq_ptr(host_os_release_sysext_level, extension_release_sysext_level)) {
-                        log_notice("Extension '%s' is for sysext API level '%s', but running on sysext API level '%s', ignoring extension.",
-                                   name, extension_release_sysext_level, strna(host_os_release_sysext_level));
-                        return 0;
-                }
-        } else {
-                if (!streq_ptr(host_os_release_version_id, extension_release_version_id)) {
-                        log_notice("Extension '%s' is for OS version '%s', but running on OS version '%s', ignoring extension.",
-                                   name, extension_release_version_id, strna(host_os_release_version_id));
-                        return 0;
-                }
-        }
-
-        log_debug("Version info of extension '%s' matches host.", name);
-        return 1;
-}
-
 static int merge_subprocess(Hashmap *images, const char *workspace) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *host_os_release_id = NULL, *host_os_release_version_id = NULL, *host_os_release_sysext_level = NULL,
                 *buf = NULL;
@@ -513,7 +440,8 @@ static int merge_subprocess(Hashmap *images, const char *workspace) {
 
         /* Let's now mount all images */
         HASHMAP_FOREACH(img, images) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL,
+                        *extension_release_id = NULL, *extension_release_version_id = NULL, *extension_release_sysext_level = NULL;
 
                 p = path_join(workspace, "extensions", img->name);
                 if (!p)
@@ -595,17 +523,57 @@ static int merge_subprocess(Hashmap *images, const char *workspace) {
                         assert_not_reached("Unsupported image type");
                 }
 
-                r = validate_version(
+                /* Insist that extension images do not overwrite the underlying OS release file (it's fine if
+                 * they place one in /etc/os-release, i.e. where things don't matter, as they aren't
+                 * merged.) */
+                r = chase_symlinks("/usr/lib/os-release", p, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether /usr/lib/os-release exists in the extension image: %m");
+                } else
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                               "Extension image contains /usr/lib/os-release file, which is not allowed (it may carry /etc/os-release), refusing.");
+
+                /* Now that we can look into the extension image, let's see if the OS version is compatible */
+                r = parse_extension_release(
                                 p,
                                 img->name,
-                                host_os_release_id,
+                                "ID", &extension_release_id,
-                                host_os_release_version_id,
+                                "VERSION_ID", &extension_release_version_id,
-                                host_os_release_sysext_level);
+                                "SYSEXT_LEVEL", &extension_release_sysext_level,
-                if (r < 0)
+                                NULL);
-                        return r;
+                if (r == -ENOENT) {
-                if (r == 0) {
+                        log_notice_errno(r, "Extension '%s' carries no extension-release data, ignoring extension.", img->name);
                         n_ignored++;
                         continue;
+                } else if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire 'os-release' data of extension '%s': %m", img->name);
+                else {
+                        if (!streq_ptr(host_os_release_id, extension_release_id)) {
+                                log_notice("Extension '%s' is for OS '%s', but running on '%s', ignoring extension.",
+                                           img->name, strna(extension_release_id), strna(host_os_release_id));
+                                n_ignored++;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* If the extension has a sysext API level declared, then it must match the host API level. Otherwise, compare OS version as a whole */
+                        if (extension_release_sysext_level) {
+                                if (!streq_ptr(host_os_release_sysext_level, extension_release_sysext_level)) {
+                                        log_notice("Extension '%s' is for sysext API level '%s', but running on sysext API level '%s', ignoring extension.",
+                                                   img->name, extension_release_sysext_level, strna(host_os_release_sysext_level));
+                                        n_ignored++;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+                        } else {
+                                if (!streq_ptr(host_os_release_version_id, extension_release_version_id)) {
+                                        log_notice("Extension '%s' is for OS version '%s', but running on OS version '%s', ignoring extension.",
+                                                   img->name, extension_release_version_id, strna(host_os_release_version_id));
+                                        n_ignored++;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        log_debug("Version info of extension '%s' matches host.", img->name);
                 }
 
                 /* Noice! This one is an extension we want. */
@@ -743,134 +711,7 @@ static int merge(Hashmap *images) {
         return r != 123; /* exit code 123 means: didn't do anything */
 }
 
-static int verb_merge(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
+static int help(void) {
-        _cleanup_(hashmap_freep) Hashmap *images = NULL;
-        char **p;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
-                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM), "Need to be privileged.");
-
-        images = hashmap_new(&image_hash_ops);
-        if (!images)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_EXTENSION, arg_root, images);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover extension images: %m");
-
-        /* In merge mode fail if things are already merged. (In --refresh mode below we'll unmerge if we find
-         * things are already merged...) */
-        STRV_FOREACH(p, arg_hierarchies) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *resolved = NULL;
-
-                r = chase_symlinks(*p, arg_root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, &resolved, NULL);
-                if (r == -ENOENT) {
-                        log_debug_errno(r, "Hierarchy '%s%s' does not exist, ignoring.", strempty(arg_root), *p);
-                        continue;
-                }
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to resolve path to hierarchy '%s%s': %m", strempty(arg_root), *p);
-
-                r = is_our_mount_point(resolved);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return r;
-                if (r > 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBUSY),
-                                               "Hierarchy '%s' is already merged.", *p);
-        }
-
-        return merge(images);
-}
-
-static int verb_refresh(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
-        _cleanup_(hashmap_freep) Hashmap *images = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
-                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM), "Need to be privileged.");
-
-        images = hashmap_new(&image_hash_ops);
-        if (!images)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_EXTENSION, arg_root, images);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover extension images: %m");
-
-        r = merge(images); /* Returns > 0 if it did something, i.e. a new overlayfs is mounted now. When it
-                            * does so it implicitly unmounts any overlayfs placed there before. Returns == 0
-                            * if it did nothing, i.e. no extension images found. In this case the old
-                            * overlayfs remains in place if there was one. */
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        if (r == 0) /* No images found? Then unmerge. The goal of --refresh is after all that after having
-                     * called there's a guarantee that the merge status matches the installed extensions. */
-                r = unmerge();
-
-        /* Net result here is that:
-         *
-         * 1. If an overlayfs was mounted before and no extensions exist anymore, we'll have unmerged things.
-         *
-         * 2. If an overlayfs was mounted before, and there are still extensions installed' we'll have
-         *    unmerged and then merged things again.
-         *
-         * 3. If an overlayfs so far wasn't mounted, and there are extensions installed, we'll have it
-         *    mounted now.
-         *
-         * 4. If there was no overlayfs mount so far, and no extensions installed, we implement a NOP.
-         */
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int verb_list(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
-        _cleanup_(hashmap_freep) Hashmap *images = NULL;
-        _cleanup_(table_unrefp) Table *t = NULL;
-        Image *img;
-        int r;
-
-        images = hashmap_new(&image_hash_ops);
-        if (!images)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_EXTENSION, arg_root, images);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover extension images: %m");
-
-        if ((arg_json_format_flags & JSON_FORMAT_OFF) && hashmap_isempty(images)) {
-                log_info("No OS extensions found.");
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        t = table_new("name", "type", "path", "time");
-        if (!t)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        HASHMAP_FOREACH(img, images) {
-                r = table_add_many(
-                                t,
-                                TABLE_STRING, img->name,
-                                TABLE_STRING, image_type_to_string(img->type),
-                                TABLE_PATH, img->path,
-                                TABLE_TIMESTAMP, img->mtime != 0 ? img->mtime : img->crtime);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return table_log_add_error(r);
-        }
-
-        (void) table_set_sort(t, (size_t) 0, (size_t) -1);
-
-        if (arg_json_format_flags & (JSON_FORMAT_OFF|JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY|JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY_AUTO))
-                (void) pager_open(arg_pager_flags);
-
-        r = table_print_json(t, stdout, arg_json_format_flags);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return table_log_print_error(r);
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int verb_help(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *link = NULL;
         int r;
 
@@ -881,19 +722,17 @@ static int verb_help(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
         printf("%1$s [OPTIONS...] [DEVICE]\n"
                "\n%5$sMerge extension images into /usr/ and /opt/ hierarchies.%6$s\n"
                "\n%3$sCommands:%4$s\n"
-               "  status                  Show current merge status (default)\n"
-               "  merge                   Merge extensions into /usr/ and /opt/\n"
-               "  unmerge                 Unmerge extensions from /usr/ and /opt/\n"
-               "  refresh                 Unmerge/merge extensions again\n"
-               "  list                    List installed extensions\n"
                "  -h --help               Show this help\n"
                "     --version            Show package version\n"
+               "  -m --merge              Merge extensions into /usr/ and /opt/\n"
+               "  -u --unmerge            Unmerge extensions from /usr/ and /opt/\n"
+               "  -R --refresh            Unmerge/merge extensions again\n"
+               "  -l --list               List all OS images\n"
                "\n%3$sOptions:%4$s\n"
                "     --no-pager           Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
                "     --root=PATH          Operate relative to root path\n"
                "     --json=pretty|short|off\n"
                "                          Generate JSON output\n"
-               "     --force              Ignore version incompatibilities\n"
                "\nSee the %2$s for details.\n"
                , program_invocation_short_name
                , link
@@ -909,9 +748,12 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         enum {
                 ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
                 ARG_NO_PAGER,
+                ARG_MERGE,
+                ARG_UNMERGE,
+                ARG_REFRESH,
+                ARG_LIST,
                 ARG_ROOT,
                 ARG_JSON,
-                ARG_FORCE,
         };
 
         static const struct option options[] = {
@@ -919,8 +761,11 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 { "version",  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION  },
                 { "no-pager", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER },
                 { "root",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT     },
+                { "merge",    no_argument,       NULL, 'm'          },
+                { "unmerge",  no_argument,       NULL, 'u'          },
+                { "refresh",  no_argument,       NULL, 'R'          },
+                { "list",     no_argument,       NULL, 'l'          },
                 { "json",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_JSON     },
-                { "force",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FORCE    },
                 {}
         };
 
@@ -929,12 +774,12 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         assert(argc >= 0);
         assert(argv);
 
-        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hmuRl", options, NULL)) >= 0)
 
                 switch (c) {
 
                 case 'h':
-                        return verb_help(argc, argv, NULL);
+                        return help();
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
                         return version();
@@ -943,6 +788,22 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_pager_flags |= PAGER_DISABLE;
                         break;
 
+                case 'm':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_MERGE;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'u':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_UNMERGE;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'R':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_REFRESH;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'l':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_LIST;
+                        break;
+
                 case ARG_ROOT:
                         r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, false, &arg_root);
                         if (r < 0)
@@ -956,10 +817,6 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                         break;
 
-                case ARG_FORCE:
-                        arg_force = true;
-                        break;
-
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -967,6 +824,10 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
                 }
 
+        if (argc - optind > 0)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "Unexpected argument.");
+
         return 1;
 }
 
@@ -1010,25 +871,13 @@ static int parse_env(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int sysext_main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-
-        static const Verb verbs[] = {
-                { "status",   VERB_ANY, 1, VERB_DEFAULT, verb_status  },
-                { "merge",    VERB_ANY, 1, 0,            verb_merge   },
-                { "unmerge",  VERB_ANY, 1, 0,            verb_unmerge },
-                { "refresh",  VERB_ANY, 1, 0,            verb_refresh },
-                { "list",     VERB_ANY, 1, 0,            verb_list    },
-                { "help",     VERB_ANY, 1, 0,            verb_help    },
-                {}
-        };
-
-        return dispatch_verb(argc, argv, verbs, NULL);
-}
-
 static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_(hashmap_freep) Hashmap *images = NULL;
         int r;
 
-        log_setup_cli();
+        log_show_color(true);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
 
         r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
         if (r <= 0)
@@ -1044,7 +893,126 @@ static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return log_oom();
         }
 
-        return sysext_main(argc, argv);
+        /* Given that things deep down in the child process will fail, let's catch the no-privilege issue
+         * early on */
+        if (!IN_SET(arg_action, ACTION_STATUS, ACTION_LIST) && !have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM), "Need to be privileged.");
+
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_STATUS)
+                return status();
+
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_UNMERGE)
+                return unmerge();
+
+        images = hashmap_new(&image_hash_ops);
+        if (!images)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = image_discover(IMAGE_EXTENSION, arg_root, images);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover extension images: %m");
+
+        switch (arg_action) {
+
+        case ACTION_LIST: {
+                _cleanup_(table_unrefp) Table *t = NULL;
+                Image *img;
+
+                if ((arg_json_format_flags & JSON_FORMAT_OFF) && hashmap_isempty(images)) {
+                        log_info("No OS extensions found.");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                t = table_new("name", "type", "path", "time");
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(img, images) {
+                        r = table_add_many(
+                                        t,
+                                        TABLE_STRING, img->name,
+                                        TABLE_STRING, image_type_to_string(img->type),
+                                        TABLE_PATH, img->path,
+                                        TABLE_TIMESTAMP, img->mtime != 0 ? img->mtime : img->crtime);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return table_log_add_error(r);
+                }
+
+                (void) table_set_sort(t, (size_t) 0, (size_t) -1);
+
+                if (arg_json_format_flags & (JSON_FORMAT_OFF|JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY|JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY_AUTO))
+                        (void) pager_open(arg_pager_flags);
+
+                r = table_print_json(t, stdout, arg_json_format_flags);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return table_log_print_error(r);
+
+                r = 0;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case ACTION_MERGE: {
+                char **p;
+
+                /* In merge mode fail if things are already merged. (In --refresh mode below we'll unmerge if
+                 * we find things are already merged...) */
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, arg_hierarchies) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *resolved = NULL;
+
+                        r = chase_symlinks(*p, arg_root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, &resolved, NULL);
+                        if (r == -ENOENT) {
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Hierarchy '%s%s' does not exist, ignoring.", strempty(arg_root), *p);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to resolve path to hierarchy '%s%s': %m", strempty(arg_root), *p);
+
+                        r = is_our_mount_point(resolved);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBUSY),
+                                                       "Hierarchy '%s' is already merged.", *p);
+                }
+
+                r = merge(images);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case ACTION_REFRESH:
+                r = merge(images); /* Returns > 0 if it did something, i.e. a new overlayfs is mounted
+                                    * now. When it does so it implicitly unmounts any overlayfs placed there
+                                    * before. Returns == 0 if it did nothing, i.e. no extension images
+                                    * found. In this case the old overlayfs remains in place if there was
+                                    * one. */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) /* No images found? Then unmerge. The goal of --refresh is after all that after
+                             * having called there's a guarantee that the merge status matches the installed
+                             * extensions. */
+                        r = unmerge();
+
+                /* Net result here is that:
+                 *
+                 * 1. If an overlayfs was mounted before and no extensions exist anymore, we'll have unmerged
+                 *    things.
+                 *
+                 * 2. If an overlayfs was mounted before, and there are still extensions installed' we'll
+                 *    have unmerged and then merged things again.
+                 *
+                 * 3. If an overlayfs so far wasn't mounted, and there are extensions installed, we'll have
+                 *    it mounted now.
+                 *
+                 * 4. If there was no overlayfs mount so far, and no extensions installed, we implement a
+                 *    NOP.
+                 */
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Uneexpected action");
+        }
+
+        return r;
 }
 
 DEFINE_MAIN_FUNCTION(run);

src/test/test-namespace.c

@@ -174,7 +174,6 @@ static void test_protect_kernel_logs(void) {
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL,
-                                    NULL,
                                     0,
                                     NULL);
                 assert_se(r == 0);

src/test/test-ns.c

@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                             NULL,
                             NULL,
                             NULL,
-                            NULL,
                             0,
                             NULL);
         if (r < 0) {

src/udev/udev-rules.c

@@ -2147,17 +2147,19 @@ static int udev_rule_apply_token_to_event(
                 if (IN_SET(token->op, OP_ASSIGN, OP_ASSIGN_FINAL))
                         ordered_hashmap_clear_free_key(event->run_list);
 
+                r = ordered_hashmap_ensure_allocated(&event->run_list, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
                 (void) udev_event_apply_format(event, token->value, buf, sizeof(buf), false);
 
                 cmd = strdup(buf);
                 if (!cmd)
                         return log_oom();
 
-                r = ordered_hashmap_ensure_put(&event->run_list, NULL, cmd, token->data);
+                r = ordered_hashmap_put(event->run_list, cmd, token->data);
-                if (r == -ENOMEM)
-                        return log_oom();
                 if (r < 0)
-                        return log_rule_error_errno(dev, rules, r, "Failed to store command '%s': %m", cmd);
+                        return log_oom();
 
                 TAKE_PTR(cmd);
 

units/systemd-sysext.service

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/usr/lib/extensions
 [Service]
 Type=oneshot
 RemainAfterExit=yes
-ExecStart=systemd-sysext merge
+ExecStart=systemd-sysext --merge
-ExecStop=systemd-sysext unmerge
+ExecStop=systemd-sysext --unmerge
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=sysinit.target