ci: turn off the "upstream-systemd-ci" ppa

Judging by https://launchpad.net/~upstream-systemd-ci/+archive/ubuntu/systemd-ci/+packages,
it got updated about 15 hours ago and the "build check" action has been
failing with
```
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 kbd : Depends: console-setup but it is not going to be installed or
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
                console-setup-mini but it is not going to be installed
```
since then

.github/workflows/ubuntu-build-check.sh

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ else
 fi
 
 # PPA with some newer build dependencies (like zstd)
-add-apt-repository -y ppa:upstream-systemd-ci/systemd-ci
+#add-apt-repository -y ppa:upstream-systemd-ci/systemd-ci
 apt-get -y update
 apt-get -y build-dep systemd
 apt-get -y install "${PACKAGES[@]}"

src/core/execute.c

@@ -2592,7 +2592,7 @@ static int apply_mount_namespace(
                 char **error_path) {
 
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **empty_directories = NULL;
-        char *tmp = NULL, *var = NULL;
+        const char *tmp_dir = NULL, *var_tmp_dir = NULL;
         const char *root_dir = NULL, *root_image = NULL;
         NamespaceInfo ns_info;
         bool needs_sandboxing;
@@ -2617,13 +2617,19 @@ static int apply_mount_namespace(
         if (needs_sandboxing) {
                 /* The runtime struct only contains the parent of the private /tmp,
                  * which is non-accessible to world users. Inside of it there's a /tmp
-                 * that is sticky, and that's the one we want to use here. */
+                 * that is sticky, and that's the one we want to use here.
+                 * This does not apply when we are using /run/systemd/empty as fallback. */
 
                 if (context->private_tmp && runtime) {
-                        if (runtime->tmp_dir)
+                        if (streq_ptr(runtime->tmp_dir, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY))
-                                tmp = strjoina(runtime->tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+                                tmp_dir = runtime->tmp_dir;
-                        if (runtime->var_tmp_dir)
+                        else if (runtime->tmp_dir)
-                                var = strjoina(runtime->var_tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+                                tmp_dir = strjoina(runtime->tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+
+                        if (streq_ptr(runtime->var_tmp_dir, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY))
+                                var_tmp_dir = runtime->var_tmp_dir;
+                        else if (runtime->tmp_dir)
+                                var_tmp_dir = strjoina(runtime->var_tmp_dir, "/tmp");
                 }
 
                 ns_info = (NamespaceInfo) {
@@ -2661,8 +2667,8 @@ static int apply_mount_namespace(
                             n_bind_mounts,
                             context->temporary_filesystems,
                             context->n_temporary_filesystems,
-                            tmp,
+                            tmp_dir,
-                            var,
+                            var_tmp_dir,
                             context->log_namespace,
                             needs_sandboxing ? context->protect_home : PROTECT_HOME_NO,
                             needs_sandboxing ? context->protect_system : PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO,
@@ -5347,27 +5353,24 @@ static ExecRuntime* exec_runtime_free(ExecRuntime *rt, bool destroy) {
                 (void) hashmap_remove(rt->manager->exec_runtime_by_id, rt->id);
 
         /* When destroy is true, then rm_rf tmp_dir and var_tmp_dir. */
-        if (destroy && rt->tmp_dir) {
+
+        if (destroy && rt->tmp_dir && !streq(rt->tmp_dir, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY)) {
                 log_debug("Spawning thread to nuke %s", rt->tmp_dir);
 
                 r = asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->tmp_dir);
-                if (r < 0) {
+                if (r < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to nuke %s: %m", rt->tmp_dir);
-                        free(rt->tmp_dir);
+                else
-                }
-
                         rt->tmp_dir = NULL;
         }
 
-        if (destroy && rt->var_tmp_dir) {
+        if (destroy && rt->var_tmp_dir && !streq(rt->var_tmp_dir, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY)) {
                 log_debug("Spawning thread to nuke %s", rt->var_tmp_dir);
 
                 r = asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->var_tmp_dir);
-                if (r < 0) {
+                if (r < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to nuke %s: %m", rt->var_tmp_dir);
-                        free(rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                else
-                }
-
                         rt->var_tmp_dir = NULL;
         }
 
@@ -5382,16 +5385,22 @@ static void exec_runtime_freep(ExecRuntime **rt) {
         (void) exec_runtime_free(*rt, false);
 }
 
-static int exec_runtime_allocate(ExecRuntime **ret) {
+static int exec_runtime_allocate(ExecRuntime **ret, const char *id) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *id_copy = NULL;
         ExecRuntime *n;
 
         assert(ret);
 
+        id_copy = strdup(id);
+        if (!id_copy)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
         n = new(ExecRuntime, 1);
         if (!n)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
         *n = (ExecRuntime) {
+                .id = TAKE_PTR(id_copy),
                 .netns_storage_socket = { -1, -1 },
         };
 
@@ -5402,9 +5411,9 @@ static int exec_runtime_allocate(ExecRuntime **ret) {
 static int exec_runtime_add(
                 Manager *m,
                 const char *id,
-                const char *tmp_dir,
+                char **tmp_dir,
-                const char *var_tmp_dir,
+                char **var_tmp_dir,
-                const int netns_storage_socket[2],
+                int netns_storage_socket[2],
                 ExecRuntime **ret) {
 
         _cleanup_(exec_runtime_freep) ExecRuntime *rt = NULL;
@@ -5413,51 +5422,40 @@ static int exec_runtime_add(
         assert(m);
         assert(id);
 
+        /* tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir, netns_storage_socket fds are donated on success */
+
         r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->exec_runtime_by_id, &string_hash_ops);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = exec_runtime_allocate(&rt);
+        r = exec_runtime_allocate(&rt, id);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        rt->id = strdup(id);
-        if (!rt->id)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        if (tmp_dir) {
-                rt->tmp_dir = strdup(tmp_dir);
-                if (!rt->tmp_dir)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                /* When tmp_dir is set, then we require var_tmp_dir is also set. */
-                assert(var_tmp_dir);
-                rt->var_tmp_dir = strdup(var_tmp_dir);
-                if (!rt->var_tmp_dir)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        if (netns_storage_socket) {
-                rt->netns_storage_socket[0] = netns_storage_socket[0];
-                rt->netns_storage_socket[1] = netns_storage_socket[1];
-        }
-
         r = hashmap_put(m->exec_runtime_by_id, rt->id, rt);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
+        assert(!!rt->tmp_dir == !!rt->var_tmp_dir); /* We require both to be set together */
+        rt->tmp_dir = TAKE_PTR(*tmp_dir);
+        rt->var_tmp_dir = TAKE_PTR(*var_tmp_dir);
+
+        if (netns_storage_socket) {
+                rt->netns_storage_socket[0] = TAKE_FD(netns_storage_socket[0]);
+                rt->netns_storage_socket[1] = TAKE_FD(netns_storage_socket[1]);
+        }
+
         rt->manager = m;
 
         if (ret)
                 *ret = rt;
-
         /* do not remove created ExecRuntime object when the operation succeeds. */
-        rt = NULL;
+        TAKE_PTR(rt);
         return 0;
 }
 
 static int exec_runtime_make(Manager *m, const ExecContext *c, const char *id, ExecRuntime **ret) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *tmp_dir = NULL, *var_tmp_dir = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(namespace_cleanup_tmpdirp) char *tmp_dir = NULL, *var_tmp_dir = NULL;
         _cleanup_close_pair_ int netns_storage_socket[2] = { -1, -1 };
         int r;
 
@@ -5483,12 +5481,10 @@ static int exec_runtime_make(Manager *m, const ExecContext *c, const char *id, E
                         return -errno;
         }
 
-        r = exec_runtime_add(m, id, tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir, netns_storage_socket, ret);
+        r = exec_runtime_add(m, id, &tmp_dir, &var_tmp_dir, netns_storage_socket, ret);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        /* Avoid cleanup */
-        netns_storage_socket[0] = netns_storage_socket[1] = -1;
         return 1;
 }
 
@@ -5606,14 +5602,10 @@ int exec_runtime_deserialize_compat(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value,
 
         rt = hashmap_get(u->manager->exec_runtime_by_id, u->id);
         if (!rt) {
-                r = exec_runtime_allocate(&rt_create);
+                r = exec_runtime_allocate(&rt_create, u->id);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-                rt_create->id = strdup(u->id);
-                if (!rt_create->id)
-                        return log_oom();
-
                 rt = rt_create;
         }
 
@@ -5670,15 +5662,16 @@ int exec_runtime_deserialize_compat(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value,
                 rt_create->manager = u->manager;
 
                 /* Avoid cleanup */
-                rt_create = NULL;
+                TAKE_PTR(rt_create);
         }
 
         return 1;
 }
 
-void exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+int exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
-        char *id = NULL, *tmp_dir = NULL, *var_tmp_dir = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *tmp_dir = NULL, *var_tmp_dir = NULL;
-        int r, fd0 = -1, fd1 = -1;
+        char *id = NULL;
+        int r, fdpair[] = {-1, -1};
         const char *p, *v = value;
         size_t n;
 
@@ -5695,7 +5688,9 @@ void exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
         v = startswith(p, "tmp-dir=");
         if (v) {
                 n = strcspn(v, " ");
-                tmp_dir = strndupa(v, n);
+                tmp_dir = strndup(v, n);
+                if (!tmp_dir)
+                        return log_oom();
                 if (v[n] != ' ')
                         goto finalize;
                 p = v + n + 1;
@@ -5704,7 +5699,9 @@ void exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
         v = startswith(p, "var-tmp-dir=");
         if (v) {
                 n = strcspn(v, " ");
-                var_tmp_dir = strndupa(v, n);
+                var_tmp_dir = strndup(v, n);
+                if (!var_tmp_dir)
+                        return log_oom();
                 if (v[n] != ' ')
                         goto finalize;
                 p = v + n + 1;
@@ -5716,11 +5713,9 @@ void exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
 
                 n = strcspn(v, " ");
                 buf = strndupa(v, n);
-                if (safe_atoi(buf, &fd0) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd0)) {
+                if (safe_atoi(buf, &fdpair[0]) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fdpair[0]))
-                        log_debug("Unable to process exec-runtime netns fd specification.");
+                        return log_debug("Unable to process exec-runtime netns fd specification.");
-                        return;
+                fdpair[0] = fdset_remove(fds, fdpair[0]);
-                }
-                fd0 = fdset_remove(fds, fd0);
                 if (v[n] != ' ')
                         goto finalize;
                 p = v + n + 1;
@@ -5732,18 +5727,16 @@ void exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
 
                 n = strcspn(v, " ");
                 buf = strndupa(v, n);
-                if (safe_atoi(buf, &fd1) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd1)) {
+                if (safe_atoi(buf, &fdpair[1]) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fdpair[1]))
-                        log_debug("Unable to process exec-runtime netns fd specification.");
+                        return log_debug("Unable to process exec-runtime netns fd specification.");
-                        return;
+                fdpair[1] = fdset_remove(fds, fdpair[1]);
-                }
-                fd1 = fdset_remove(fds, fd1);
         }
 
 finalize:
-
+        r = exec_runtime_add(m, id, &tmp_dir, &var_tmp_dir, fdpair, NULL);
-        r = exec_runtime_add(m, id, tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir, (int[]) { fd0, fd1 }, NULL);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to add exec-runtime: %m");
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to add exec-runtime: %m");
+        return 0;
 }
 
 void exec_runtime_vacuum(Manager *m) {

src/core/execute.h

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ ExecRuntime *exec_runtime_unref(ExecRuntime *r, bool destroy);
 
 int exec_runtime_serialize(const Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
 int exec_runtime_deserialize_compat(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds);
-void exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds);
+int exec_runtime_deserialize_one(Manager *m, const char *value, FDSet *fds);
 void exec_runtime_vacuum(Manager *m);
 
 void exec_params_clear(ExecParameters *p);

src/core/macros.systemd.in

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fi \
 %sysusers_create_inline() \
 [ -x @bindir@/systemd-sysusers ] && @bindir@/systemd-sysusers - <<SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF || : \
 %{?*} \
-SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF \
+SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF\
 %{nil}
 
 # This should be used by package installation scripts which require users or
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF \
 #   %{_sysusersdir}/%{name}.conf
 %sysusers_create_package() \
 %{expand:%%{?!__systemd_twoargs_%#:%%{error:This macro requires two arguments}}} \
-systemd-sysusers --replace=%_sysusersdir/%1.conf - <<SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+systemd-sysusers --replace=%_sysusersdir/%1.conf - <<SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF || : \
 %(cat %2) \
-SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF \
+SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF\
 %{nil}
 
 # This may be used by package installation scripts to create files according to
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF \
 #   %{_tmpfilesdir}/%{name}.conf
 %tmpfiles_create_package() \
 %{expand:%%{?!__systemd_twoargs_%#:%%{error:This macro requires two arguments}}} \
-systemd-tmpfiles --replace=%_tmpfilesdir/%1.conf --create - <<SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+systemd-tmpfiles --replace=%_tmpfilesdir/%1.conf --create - <<SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF || : \
 %(cat %2) \
-SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF \
+SYSTEMD_INLINE_EOF\
 %{nil}
 
 %sysctl_apply() \

src/core/manager.c

@@ -3685,7 +3685,7 @@ int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
                 else if ((val = startswith(l, "destroy-ipc-gid=")))
                         manager_deserialize_gid_refs_one(m, val);
                 else if ((val = startswith(l, "exec-runtime=")))
-                        exec_runtime_deserialize_one(m, val, fds);
+                        (void) exec_runtime_deserialize_one(m, val, fds);
                 else if ((val = startswith(l, "subscribed="))) {
 
                         if (strv_extend(&m->deserialized_subscribed, val) < 0)

src/core/namespace.c

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ typedef enum MountMode {
         BIND_MOUNT,
         BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE,
         PRIVATE_TMP,
+        PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY,
         PRIVATE_DEV,
         BIND_DEV,
         EMPTY_DIR,
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ static const char *mount_entry_path(const MountEntry *p) {
 static bool mount_entry_read_only(const MountEntry *p) {
         assert(p);
 
-        return p->read_only || IN_SET(p->mode, READONLY, INACCESSIBLE);
+        return p->read_only || IN_SET(p->mode, READONLY, INACCESSIBLE, PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY);
 }
 
 static const char *mount_entry_source(const MountEntry *p) {
@@ -649,13 +650,15 @@ add_symlink:
                 return 0;
 
         /* Create symlinks like /dev/char/1:9 → ../urandom */
-        if (asprintf(&sl, "%s/dev/%s/%u:%u", temporary_mount, S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) ? "char" : "block", major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev)) < 0)
+        if (asprintf(&sl, "%s/dev/%s/%u:%u",
+                     temporary_mount,
+                     S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) ? "char" : "block",
+                     major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev)) < 0)
                 return log_oom();
 
         (void) mkdir_parents(sl, 0755);
 
         t = strjoina("../", bn);
-
         if (symlink(t, sl) < 0)
                 log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to symlink '%s' to '%s', ignoring: %m", t, sl);
 
@@ -943,7 +946,8 @@ static int apply_mount(
                         if (errno == ENOENT && m->ignore)
                                 return 0;
 
-                        return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to lstat() %s to determine what to mount over it: %m", mount_entry_path(m));
+                        return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to lstat() %s to determine what to mount over it: %m",
+                                               mount_entry_path(m));
                 }
 
                 if (geteuid() == 0)
@@ -970,8 +974,10 @@ static int apply_mount(
                 if (r == -ENOENT && m->ignore)
                         return 0;
                 if (r < 0)
-                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is already a mount point: %m", mount_entry_path(m));
+                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is already a mount point: %m",
-                if (r > 0) /* Nothing to do here, it is already a mount. We just later toggle the MS_RDONLY bit for the mount point if needed. */
+                                               mount_entry_path(m));
+                if (r > 0) /* Nothing to do here, it is already a mount. We just later toggle the MS_RDONLY
+                            * bit for the mount point if needed. */
                         return 0;
                 /* This isn't a mount point yet, let's make it one. */
                 what = mount_entry_path(m);
@@ -984,9 +990,9 @@ static int apply_mount(
         case BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE: {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *chased = NULL;
 
-                /* Since mount() will always follow symlinks we chase the symlinks on our own first. Note that bind
+                /* Since mount() will always follow symlinks we chase the symlinks on our own first. Note
-                 * mount source paths are always relative to the host root, hence we pass NULL as root directory to
+                 * that bind mount source paths are always relative to the host root, hence we pass NULL as
-                 * chase_symlinks() here. */
+                 * root directory to chase_symlinks() here. */
 
                 r = chase_symlinks(mount_entry_source(m), NULL, CHASE_TRAIL_SLASH, &chased, NULL);
                 if (r == -ENOENT && m->ignore) {
@@ -1010,6 +1016,7 @@ static int apply_mount(
                 return mount_tmpfs(m);
 
         case PRIVATE_TMP:
+        case PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY:
                 what = mount_entry_source(m);
                 make = true;
                 break;
@@ -1039,7 +1046,8 @@ static int apply_mount(
                 if (r == -ENOENT && make) {
                         struct stat st;
 
-                        /* Hmm, either the source or the destination are missing. Let's see if we can create the destination, then try again */
+                        /* Hmm, either the source or the destination are missing. Let's see if we can create
+                           the destination, then try again. */
 
                         if (stat(what, &st) < 0)
                                 log_error_errno(errno, "Mount point source '%s' is not accessible: %m", what);
@@ -1054,7 +1062,8 @@ static int apply_mount(
                                         q = touch(mount_entry_path(m));
 
                                 if (q < 0)
-                                        log_error_errno(q, "Failed to create destination mount point node '%s': %m", mount_entry_path(m));
+                                        log_error_errno(q, "Failed to create destination mount point node '%s': %m",
+                                                        mount_entry_path(m));
                                 else
                                         try_again = true;
                         }
@@ -1310,16 +1319,35 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to create loop device for root image: %m");
 
-                r = verity_metadata_load(root_image, root_hash_path, root_hash ? NULL : &root_hash_decoded, root_hash ? NULL : &root_hash_size, root_verity ? NULL : &verity_data, root_hash_sig || root_hash_sig_path ? NULL : &hash_sig_path);
+                r = verity_metadata_load(root_image,
+                                         root_hash_path,
+                                         root_hash ? NULL : &root_hash_decoded,
+                                         root_hash ? NULL : &root_hash_size,
+                                         root_verity ? NULL : &verity_data,
+                                         root_hash_sig || root_hash_sig_path ? NULL : &hash_sig_path);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to load root hash: %m");
                 dissect_image_flags |= root_verity || verity_data ? DISSECT_IMAGE_NO_PARTITION_TABLE : 0;
 
-                r = dissect_image(loop_device->fd, root_hash ?: root_hash_decoded, root_hash_size, root_verity ?: verity_data, dissect_image_flags, &dissected_image);
+                r = dissect_image(loop_device->fd,
+                                  root_hash ?: root_hash_decoded,
+                                  root_hash_size,
+                                  root_verity ?: verity_data,
+                                  dissect_image_flags,
+                                  &dissected_image);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to dissect image: %m");
 
-                r = dissected_image_decrypt(dissected_image, NULL, root_hash ?: root_hash_decoded, root_hash_size, root_verity ?: verity_data, root_hash_sig_path ?: hash_sig_path, root_hash_sig, root_hash_sig_size, dissect_image_flags, &decrypted_image);
+                r = dissected_image_decrypt(dissected_image,
+                                            NULL,
+                                            root_hash ?: root_hash_decoded,
+                                            root_hash_size,
+                                            root_verity ?: verity_data,
+                                            root_hash_sig_path ?: hash_sig_path,
+                                            root_hash_sig,
+                                            root_hash_sig_size,
+                                            dissect_image_flags,
+                                            &decrypted_image);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to decrypt dissected image: %m");
         }
@@ -1380,17 +1408,21 @@ int setup_namespace(
                         goto finish;
 
                 if (tmp_dir) {
+                        bool ro = streq(tmp_dir, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY);
+
                         *(m++) = (MountEntry) {
                                 .path_const = "/tmp",
-                                .mode = PRIVATE_TMP,
+                                .mode = ro ? PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY : PRIVATE_TMP,
                                 .source_const = tmp_dir,
                         };
                 }
 
                 if (var_tmp_dir) {
+                        bool ro = streq(var_tmp_dir, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY);
+
                         *(m++) = (MountEntry) {
                                 .path_const = "/var/tmp",
-                                .mode = PRIVATE_TMP,
+                                .mode = ro ? PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY : PRIVATE_TMP,
                                 .source_const = var_tmp_dir,
                         };
                 }
@@ -1404,19 +1436,28 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 }
 
                 if (ns_info->protect_kernel_tunables) {
-                        r = append_static_mounts(&m, protect_kernel_tunables_table, ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_tunables_table), ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
+                        r = append_static_mounts(&m,
+                                                 protect_kernel_tunables_table,
+                                                 ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_tunables_table),
+                                                 ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                 }
 
                 if (ns_info->protect_kernel_modules) {
-                        r = append_static_mounts(&m, protect_kernel_modules_table, ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_modules_table), ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
+                        r = append_static_mounts(&m,
+                                                 protect_kernel_modules_table,
+                                                 ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_modules_table),
+                                                 ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                 }
 
                 if (ns_info->protect_kernel_logs) {
-                        r = append_static_mounts(&m, protect_kernel_logs_table, ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_logs_table), ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
+                        r = append_static_mounts(&m,
+                                                 protect_kernel_logs_table,
+                                                 ELEMENTSOF(protect_kernel_logs_table),
+                                                 ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                 }
@@ -1437,7 +1478,10 @@ int setup_namespace(
                         goto finish;
 
                 if (namespace_info_mount_apivfs(ns_info)) {
-                        r = append_static_mounts(&m, apivfs_table, ELEMENTSOF(apivfs_table), ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
+                        r = append_static_mounts(&m,
+                                                 apivfs_table,
+                                                 ELEMENTSOF(apivfs_table),
+                                                 ns_info->ignore_protect_paths);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                 }
@@ -1485,10 +1529,10 @@ int setup_namespace(
         if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) < 0) {
                 r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to unshare the mount namespace: %m");
                 if (IN_SET(r, -EACCES, -EPERM, -EOPNOTSUPP, -ENOSYS))
-                        /* If the kernel doesn't support namespaces, or when there's a MAC or seccomp filter in place
+                        /* If the kernel doesn't support namespaces, or when there's a MAC or seccomp filter
-                         * that doesn't allow us to create namespaces (or a missing cap), then propagate a recognizable
+                         * in place that doesn't allow us to create namespaces (or a missing cap), then
-                         * error back, which the caller can use to detect this case (and only this) and optionally
+                         * propagate a recognizable error back, which the caller can use to detect this case
-                         * continue without namespacing applied. */
+                         * (and only this) and optionally continue without namespacing applied. */
                         r = -ENOANO;
 
                 goto finish;
@@ -1552,8 +1596,8 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 _cleanup_free_ char **deny_list = NULL;
                 size_t j;
 
-                /* Open /proc/self/mountinfo now as it may become unavailable if we mount anything on top of /proc.
+                /* Open /proc/self/mountinfo now as it may become unavailable if we mount anything on top of
-                 * For example, this is the case with the option: 'InaccessiblePaths=/proc' */
+                 * /proc. For example, this is the case with the option: 'InaccessiblePaths=/proc'. */
                 proc_self_mountinfo = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "re");
                 if (!proc_self_mountinfo) {
                         r = log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open /proc/self/mountinfo: %m");
@@ -1578,10 +1622,10 @@ int setup_namespace(
                                         goto finish;
                                 }
                                 if (r == 0) {
-                                        /* We hit a symlinked mount point. The entry got rewritten and might point to a
+                                        /* We hit a symlinked mount point. The entry got rewritten and might
-                                         * very different place now. Let's normalize the changed list, and start from
+                                         * point to a very different place now. Let's normalize the changed
-                                         * the beginning. After all to mount the entry at the new location we might
+                                         * list, and start from the beginning. After all to mount the entry
-                                         * need some other mounts first */
+                                         * at the new location we might need some other mounts first */
                                         again = true;
                                         break;
                                 }
@@ -1785,10 +1829,28 @@ static int make_tmp_prefix(const char *prefix) {
 
 }
 
-static int setup_one_tmp_dir(const char *id, const char *prefix, char **path) {
+static int make_tmp_subdir(const char *parent, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *y = NULL;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                y = strjoin(parent, "/tmp");
+                if (!y)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (mkdir(y, 0777 | S_ISVTX) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = TAKE_PTR(y);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int setup_one_tmp_dir(const char *id, const char *prefix, char **path, char **tmp_path) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL;
         char bid[SD_ID128_STRING_MAX];
         sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        bool rw = true;
         int r;
 
         assert(id);
@@ -1811,49 +1873,55 @@ static int setup_one_tmp_dir(const char *id, const char *prefix, char **path) {
                 return r;
 
         RUN_WITH_UMASK(0077)
-                if (!mkdtemp(x))
+                if (!mkdtemp(x)) {
-                        return -errno;
+                        if (errno == EROFS || ERRNO_IS_DISK_SPACE(errno))
-
+                                rw = false;
-        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                        else
-                char *y;
-
-                y = strjoina(x, "/tmp");
-
-                if (mkdir(y, 0777 | S_ISVTX) < 0)
                                 return -errno;
                 }
 
-        *path = TAKE_PTR(x);
+        if (rw) {
+                r = make_tmp_subdir(x, tmp_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                /* Trouble: we failed to create the directory. Instead of failing, let's simulate /tmp being
+                 * read-only. This way the service will get the EROFS result as if it was writing to the real
+                 * file system. */
+                r = mkdir_p(RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY, 0500);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
 
+                x = strdup(RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *path = TAKE_PTR(x);
         return 0;
 }
 
 int setup_tmp_dirs(const char *id, char **tmp_dir, char **var_tmp_dir) {
-        char *a, *b;
+        _cleanup_(namespace_cleanup_tmpdirp) char *a = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(rmdir_and_freep) char *a_tmp = NULL;
+        char *b;
         int r;
 
         assert(id);
         assert(tmp_dir);
         assert(var_tmp_dir);
 
-        r = setup_one_tmp_dir(id, "/tmp", &a);
+        r = setup_one_tmp_dir(id, "/tmp", &a, &a_tmp);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = setup_one_tmp_dir(id, "/var/tmp", &b);
+        r = setup_one_tmp_dir(id, "/var/tmp", &b, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
+        if (r < 0)
-                char *t;
-
-                t = strjoina(a, "/tmp");
-                (void) rmdir(t);
-                (void) rmdir(a);
-
-                free(a);
                 return r;
-        }
 
-        *tmp_dir = a;
+        a_tmp = mfree(a_tmp); /* avoid rmdir */
-        *var_tmp_dir = b;
+        *tmp_dir = TAKE_PTR(a);
+        *var_tmp_dir = TAKE_PTR(b);
 
         return 0;
 }

src/core/namespace.h

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ typedef struct TemporaryFileSystem TemporaryFileSystem;
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "dissect-image.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
 #include "macro.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
 
 typedef enum ProtectHome {
         PROTECT_HOME_NO,
@@ -98,6 +100,16 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 DissectImageFlags dissected_image_flags,
                 char **error_path);
 
+#define RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY "/run/systemd/empty"
+
+static inline void namespace_cleanup_tmpdir(char *p) {
+        PROTECT_ERRNO;
+        if (!streq_ptr(p, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY))
+                (void) rmdir(p);
+        free(p);
+}
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(char*, namespace_cleanup_tmpdir);
+
 int setup_tmp_dirs(
                 const char *id,
                 char **tmp_dir,

src/core/service.c

@@ -2132,9 +2132,9 @@ static void service_enter_start(Service *s) {
 
         if (!c) {
                 if (s->type != SERVICE_ONESHOT) {
-                        /* There's no command line configured for the main command? Hmm, that is strange. This can only
+                        /* There's no command line configured for the main command? Hmm, that is strange.
-                         * happen if the configuration changes at runtime. In this case, let's enter a failure
+                         * This can only happen if the configuration changes at runtime. In this case,
-                         * state. */
+                         * let's enter a failure state. */
                         log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "There's no 'start' task anymore we could start.");
                         r = -ENXIO;
                         goto fail;

src/test/test-namespace.c

@@ -14,14 +14,25 @@
 #include "util.h"
 #include "virt.h"
 
+static void test_namespace_cleanup_tmpdir(void) {
+        {
+                _cleanup_(namespace_cleanup_tmpdirp) char *dir;
+                assert_se(dir = strdup(RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY));
+        }
+
+        {
+                _cleanup_(namespace_cleanup_tmpdirp) char *dir;
+                assert_se(dir = strdup("/tmp/systemd-test-namespace.XXXXXX"));
+                assert_se(mkdtemp(dir));
+        }
+}
+
 static void test_tmpdir(const char *id, const char *A, const char *B) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *a, *b;
         struct stat x, y;
         char *c, *d;
 
         assert_se(setup_tmp_dirs(id, &a, &b) == 0);
-        assert_se(startswith(a, A));
-        assert_se(startswith(b, B));
 
         assert_se(stat(a, &x) >= 0);
         assert_se(stat(b, &y) >= 0);
@@ -29,26 +40,27 @@ static void test_tmpdir(const char *id, const char *A, const char *B) {
         assert_se(S_ISDIR(x.st_mode));
         assert_se(S_ISDIR(y.st_mode));
 
+        if (!streq(a, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY)) {
+                assert_se(startswith(a, A));
                 assert_se((x.st_mode & 01777) == 0700);
-        assert_se((y.st_mode & 01777) == 0700);
-
                 c = strjoina(a, "/tmp");
-        d = strjoina(b, "/tmp");
-
                 assert_se(stat(c, &x) >= 0);
-        assert_se(stat(d, &y) >= 0);
-
                 assert_se(S_ISDIR(x.st_mode));
-        assert_se(S_ISDIR(y.st_mode));
-
                 assert_se((x.st_mode & 01777) == 01777);
-        assert_se((y.st_mode & 01777) == 01777);
-
                 assert_se(rmdir(c) >= 0);
-        assert_se(rmdir(d) >= 0);
-
                 assert_se(rmdir(a) >= 0);
+        }
+
+        if (!streq(b, RUN_SYSTEMD_EMPTY)) {
+                assert_se(startswith(b, B));
+                assert_se((y.st_mode & 01777) == 0700);
+                d = strjoina(b, "/tmp");
+                assert_se(stat(d, &y) >= 0);
+                assert_se(S_ISDIR(y.st_mode));
+                assert_se((y.st_mode & 01777) == 01777);
+                assert_se(rmdir(d) >= 0);
                 assert_se(rmdir(b) >= 0);
+        }
 }
 
 static void test_netns(void) {
@@ -180,6 +192,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         test_setup_logging(LOG_INFO);
 
+        test_namespace_cleanup_tmpdir();
+
         if (!have_namespaces()) {
                 log_tests_skipped("Don't have namespace support");
                 return EXIT_TEST_SKIP;